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catholic church's false explanation of the 1755 lisbon earthquake

 

02/08/2020

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The city of Lisbon, Portugal soon lay in ruins from the quake that caused fissures that were 15-feet wide in places. The questions in the survey included: How many aftershocks were felt? Many ran from the falling and fallen buildings to the Tangus River in the center of town, seeking refuge on boats docked in the harbor. The philosopher Leibniz seemed to suggest that we see disasters [evil] as part of a larger picture, that this is the best of all possible worlds and evil is simply part of it. 15.

Famously, Voltaire ridiculed this view, in his A main point here is that the Lisbon quake unleashed an intellectual conflict over the question of how to explain natural disasters, one that lasted for generations, reappearing when quakes like Haiti’s (2010), Southeast Asia’s (2004), and Japan’s (2011) occur. The tsunami also traveled across the Atlantic: a 3- to 5-meter-high wave struck Antigua, while a 1- to 2-meter-tall wave swept onto the shores of many other Caribbean islands. Moments later, a gigantic tsunami rushed into the harbor and up the river—sweeping away all in its wake.The quake was felt hundreds of miles away and the tsunami rippled south to North Africa, north to England, and all the way to North America. But, seismology has not yet reached a stage where accurate predictability is routine.While seismological explanations are satisfying in many ways, they do not preclude even the most ardent naturalistic scientist from wondering, at another level, why these events are allowed to occur. Yet, others reaffirm their belief, like Job, that it is ultimately their duty to trust God under any and all circumstances. When the shaking and the burning subsided in Lisbon, Davy, who survived, wrote that “this extensive and opulent city is now nothing but a vast heap of ruins; that the rich and poor are at present upon a level.” Today, though, buildings erected under Pombal’s governance — designed with earthquakes in mind — stand in many of Lisbon’s downtown squares, and the roofless Carmo Convent is one of the only reminders of the city’s destruction. This suggests that probably at least two faults were involved,” which may mean two different quakes were triggered.

A tsunami was about to make landfall.

The earthquake struck on the 1st of November 1755 and this is the Catholic holy feast day of All Saints. “But it can’t explain the third, which happened several minutes after the first two. It came on foaming and roaring ... we all immediately ran for our lives as fast as possible.” The water in the Tagus had receded, exposing the riverbed. Yet, the devastation in Lisbon was so great that age-old questions again came to the fore:These questions point to the problem that theologians call theodicy, a kind of defense of divine justice in the face of what men perceive to be physical or moral evil. These were followed by secondary, or “S” waves, which arrive after P waves because they move more slowly through Earth. What kind of damage was caused? At about 10:10 a.m., the tsunami hit, destroying the harbor and sweeping away thousands. Surely scientific explanations—tectonic shifts and the like—are sound and most helpful. Yet, there was something unique about explanations of it at the time, and strikingly, for generations to come.On the one hand, Christian thinkers, of many stripes, continued to explain natural disasters as examples of an almighty God exercising power over His Creation. It was one of the most destructive and deadly earthquakes in history, killing well over 100,000 people. As with all great events, natural or otherwise, people always seek to explain its cause and meaning.

Fallen debris blocking narrow streets made it difficult to access and extinguish the flames. Hundreds of books, broadsides, and novels were written about the problem of evil in the wake of the Lisbon event. A magnitude-8.7 earthquake had struck. “The P and S waves could explain the initial shaking events,” such as those Davy experienced in his apartment, Gutscher says.

Records show that half of the city’s population of about 100,000 died in the event and most of its buildings were destroyed, including those housing great works of art and the records of the Portuguese empire around the world.In sum, the Lisbon earthquake ranks as one the worst natural disasters in modern history when measured by loss of life and destruction of property.Historians and literary figures who study theology, science, philosophy, and other ideas see the Great Lisbon Earthquake as much more than a grand natural disaster. Later in his account, Davy describes how, after the initial shaking, his house was “instantly stunned with a most horrid crash, as if every edifice in the city had tumbled down at once. 16. Today, many buildings in Lisbon stand as some of the world’s Across the city, candles, stoves and oil lamps fell, igniting fires that eventually burned down about half the city. L. John Van Til is a fellow for humanities, faith, and culture with the Institute for Faith and Freedom at Grove City College. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake took place on November 1, 1755, at 9:20 in the morning. In the marine sedimentary record, coarse-grained sandy turbidites deposited in abyssal plain settings occur during the same time intervals. On All Saints Day, three tremors over the course of 10 minutes suddenly struck Lisbon. At about 9:30 a.m., the ground heaved, and the church’s roof fell.

The fourth stanza — Come, ye philosophers, who cry, “All’s well!” — is a reference to philosophers like Alexander Pope, who claimed that the universe is an inherently good place. The answers to these questions have helped modern seismologists construct isoseismal maps, which depict the varying levels of shaking in a region during an earthquake. It was the child of the newly minted intellectual stance we know as the Enlightenment. About 45 minutes after the shaking began, however, a 5- to 10-meter-tall tsunami entered the Tagus from the Atlantic Ocean, smashing ships against one another and against the sea walls surrounding the city. The first few stanzas of the poem read: 

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catholic church's false explanation of the 1755 lisbon earthquake