plague milan 1576

 
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In August 1576, bubonic plague broke out in Milan, spreading across Lombardy and not coming to an end until 1578. The second half of this essay will investigate how Borromeo coped with this struggle between piety and public safety by relocating the procession off the public streets and into private homes when parishes were placed under quarantine.


The squares, the market places on which citizens used frequently to assemble, have now been converted into graves and into the resort of the wicked rabble. XVI–XVIII)“Processions and Their Music in Post-Tridentine Rome”French Books of Hours: Making an Archive of Prayer, C. 1400–1600“Dirty Books: Quantifying Patterns of Use in Medieval Manuscripts Using a Densitometer”http://www.jhna.org/index.php/past-issues/volume-2-issue-1-2/129-dirty-booksRenaissance Florence: The Public Life of a Complex Society

It is impossible to know for certain, of course, from the signs of wear in the book alone how they performed these prayers (was this a solitary performance, or did the whole family sing the Litany, creating a different kind of ‘processional’ community?)







He organised the cleaning of homes and streets, and ordered the culling of dogs and cats; he conducted charitable relief work, selling his possessions, spending his own wealth, and borrowing money when his personal funds ran low; and, dismissing concerns over infection, he made visitations across the diocese and even personally ministered to the sick.One of Borromeo’s most frequently noted pastoral acts during the crisis – one that would later become an indelible part of his cultic hagiography – was the organisation of three general processions in October 1576.The ritual model that Borromeo invoked to rally support for his procession was established nearly a millennium earlier by Gregory I during a Roman outbreak in 590.Processions such as Gregory’s and Borromeo’s were held across Europe in times of plague.

Translated to There is no trace of this column in local historical chronicles. An account by Paolo Bisciola, a chronicler of the Borromean plague, reveals how ‘democratic’ this prayer can be: the Cardinal ‘having by chance seen a poor woman praying in the street to an image which she had attached to a wall, was so delighted by this devotion that he sent a number of his followers out into the streets to teach the people to sing the litanies’.In addition to facilitating the kinetics of the public procession, the litany draws the participants into a shared devotional history and culture through the list of names invoked.

When faced with the obstacles posed by the threat of contagion, pre-modern Christians found new ways to carry out their spiritual duties as a community. The saint did not suspend Masses but did suggest they be celebrated outdoors, especially at crossroads where people could attend in a kind of rough “social distancing” protocol.



He also visited lazar houses, which no one else dared to enter. The disappearance happened rather later in the Nordic and eastern European countries but there was a similar halt after major epidemics.

The Archbishop of Milan The Archbishop lived only a few years longer, and, when he died on 2 November 1584, he was declared locally to be a Saint. The complete meaning of the litany prayer emerges in performance only through the coordinated participation of a penitential community – the call from a leader has to be met by a response, so every member of procession becomes indispensable to the success of the ritual.

The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean Basin throughout the 14th to 17th centuries.Constantinople retained its imperial status at the centre of the Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa.



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The 1680 version of the plague was just as deadly.

This decision was ratified by During the spread of the plague, the faithful gathered in prayer around outdoor altars to avoid This plague cross is located next to the parish church.



Over those eighteen months, the city lost over 17,000 individuals, roughly 15% of her citizens.Carlo Borromeo took over where the Milanese officials left off, marshalling the clergy to maintain the city’s temporal and spiritual welfare.

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