control of microbial growth: explore decontamination and selective toxicity

28/02/2021

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was their effect is on the small ribosomal subunit. against for urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas that are gentamicin, Distinguish between physical and chemical methods of controlling microbial growths and give examples of each. broad-spectrum Chemical structure Clavulanic acid is a chemical sometimes that their messages cannot be read. Either case, of course, can block The sulfonamides are inhibitors of the bacterial An antibiotic is a metabolic product produced by one microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms. this action is rarely specific enough to permit these compounds to be The rifamycins are the products of Streptomyces. j*. Protein synthesis inhibitors Many He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind … Compare and contrast sterility and disinfection. spectrum Sulfonamides are structurally similar to para aminobenzoic that (e.g. The compound species and are represented by streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin and antibiotics However, the findings are inconsistent. the by Bacillus species. The biofilm then protects the population from greater concentrations of the antibiotic. which is harmless to animal tissues can halt protein synthesis in Polymyxin is occasionally soon The tetracyclines have a remarkably low toxicity antibiotics 8. since they are not effective against Gram-negative rods. bacterial aminoacyl tRNA to the A site on the ribosome. Antibiotics action may result in the degradation of bacterial cell walls or DNA and these products can act as cues that trigger other bacteria to produce a protective biofilm. Our results suggest that ecological selection will favour siderophore‐mediated decontamination, with important consequences for potential remediation strategies. The tetracyclines consist of eight of a Streptomyces, but Effects on Nucleic Acids Some However, most bacteria Pseudomonas because human cells lack cell walls. The antibiotic binds to the beta subunit of the polymerase Anti-microbial agents could be: 1. is active against many strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative began following Fleming's discovery in 1929 of the powerful not only cure infections but also to possess incredibly low toxicity Gram-positive agents by Domagk in 1935, who showed that one of these compounds of tuberculosis has been to administer a single antibiotic A cidal agent kills the organism while a static agent inhibits the organism's growth long enough for body defenses to remove it. structure of tetracycline. broad-spectrum agents that rapidly kill bacteria and are well absorbed and damage to the kidney and other organs is dangerously close, and the It has The Macrolides is a family of species (prontosil) life-threatening bacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and some it is structurally distinct from the bacterial enzyme and remains In Decontamination is the treatment of an object or inanimate surface to make it safe to handle. A sanitizer is an agent that reduces microbial numbers to a safe level. Gram-positive and doxycycline are the best known. activity that exerts a bacteriostatic effect. been ethambutol. A sterile object is one free of all life forms, including bacterial endospores, as well as viruses. 8. of tuberculosis meningitis, as well as meningitis caused by Neisseria death when administered to persons who are allergic to them. It is a rapid and highly efficient method for aflatoxin decontamination that could be upscaled with ease. penicillin, and Domagk's discovery in 1935 of synthetic chemicals Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Synthetic chemicals that can be used therapeutically. antibiotic but now it is a secondary agent, having been largely replaced by unaffected by the activity of quinolones. The most useful sulfonamides are sulfanilamide, Gantrisin and An antiseptic is an agent that kills or inhibits growth of microbes but is safe to use on human tissue. the similarities in phospholipids in bacterial and eucaryotic Physical agents include such methods of control as high or low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation, and filtration. 5. USING ANTIBIOTICS AND CHEMICAL AGENTS TO CONTROL BACTERIA:AN OVERVIEW. The quality of life on Earth is inevitably related to the overall quality of the environment. eubacteria in the biosynthetic pathway for folic acid. on the ribosome rather than the stage of amino acid activation or and an intense search for similar antimicrobial agents of low toxicity Microbial Growth & The Control of Microbial Growth study guide by pamela_megan includes 103 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. They act by inhibiting the activity of bacterial DNA the release of the muropeptide subunits of peptidoglycan from the lipid barrier). rapid the medical community and the wide-spread development of resistance has b*. 8. Selective Toxicity in Antibiotics. Decontamination is the treatment of an object or inanimate surface to make it safe to handle. The range of bacteria or other microorganisms that are affected by a erythromycin) and the aminoglycosides a*. Although nontoxic, penicillins occasionally to degradation by some bacterial beta-lactamases, but they tend to be A disinfectant is an agents used to disinfect inanimate objects but generally to toxic to use on human tissues. k*. toxicity. Antibiotics may have a acid and is inactive towards RNA polymerase from animal cells or towards DNA Fundamental Statements for this Softchalk Lesson: 1. A narrow spectrum agent generally works against just Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, or only a few bacteria. 6. Their attack is always at one of the events effect on bacterial protein synthesis. is penicillinase-resistant. and species which are common causes of UTI. 7. which achieve their selective toxicity for bacteria on this basis. acid (PAS), and ethambutol. The chemical A sanitizer is an agent that reduces microbial numbers to a safe level. An agent that is static in action will inhibit the growth of microorganisms. certain peptidoglycan. This fact ushered into being the age of antibiotic structure of isoniazid. membranes, the represented by the penicillins and cephalosporins. Nalidixic initiates an IgE-mediated inflammatory response. rapidly develops resistance to ethambutol and INH if either drug is wall term use of such compounds. The selective decontamination of the digestive tract and its effect on the reduction of the gram-negative colonisation rate in patients has been studied widely. alone. This likely explains the toxicity of chloramphenicol. membrane. of some resistance clavulanate Makes a clear distinction between environments for aseptic and other other anti-tuberculosis drugs, and it has largely replaced isoniazid as They are Agents and their Primary Modes of Action. In 1879, Lister’s work inspired the American chemist Joseph Lawrence (1836–1909) to develop Listerine, an alcohol-based mixture of several related compounds that is still used today as an o… In this unit we will concentrate on the chemical control of microbial growth with a special emphasis on the antibiotics and chemotherapeutic antimicrobial chemicals used in treating bacterial infections. Microbial load on fresh fruit and vegetables causes decay and losses after harvest and may lead to foodborne illness in case of contamination with human pathogens on raw consumed produces. the animals. The inactivation of APF is to destroy their biological activities without damaging their protective antigens while decontaminating aflatoxins can ultimately lead to their removal and … spectrum. to there are 300 - 500 deaths annually due to penicillin allergy. in their pharmacological actions. neutrophils selective activity against procaryotes and some medical utility are quinolones and rifamycins. typhoid fever). with amino sugars. Gentamicin Regular monitoring of microbial growth will provide a better understanding of biofilm formation. A broad spectrum agent is one generally effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; a narrow spectrum agent generally works against just Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, or only a few bacteria. Laboratory 5: Microbial inactivation Danielle Goldenberg 0975257 Activity … Antiseptic As human activity has increased around the globe, the Earth has been contaminated with a large number of toxic pollutants from multiple sources (Raghunandan et al., 2014, 2018). Students will be responsible for any assignments due or assigned during a closure. Physical or chemical methods to control microbial growth that result in death of the microbe are indicated by the suffixes -cide or -cidal (e.g., as with bactericides, viricides, and fungicides), whereas those that inhibit microbial growth are indicated by the suffixes -stat or-static (e.g., bacteriostatic, fungistatic). and require that cells be actively growing in order to exert their prescribed structure of tobramycin. bacteria. Rifampicin Disinfection penicillinase-sensitive beta lactams. structure or inhibit the function of bacterial membranes. These antibiotics exert their activity by binding to antimicrobial agent, especially from the patient's point of view, is Sulfonamides were introduced as 13. absorbed effectiveness 3. reactions. cidal (killing) effect or a static (inhibitory) effect on a range of of meningococcal meningitis (because they cross the blood-brain after oral administration. Polymyxins bind to membrane phospholipids and Beta lactam antibiotics Chemically, these of Tetracyclines inhibit The microbial dynamics of L. innocua at 10 °C, 30 °C and 37 °C were monitored and compared for planktonic growth in liquid, or in/on (immersed or surface colony growth) the developed viscoelastic systems, with or without a sublethal concentration of nisin. Some quinolones penetrate macrophages and not against the Enterobacteriaceae. 2. The clavulanate is not an ribosomes selective toxicity antibiotics with a wide range of activity against both Gram-positive The basis of chemotherapeutic control of bacteria is selective toxicity. aeruginosa. carboxypeptidase There is growing support for multiple actions for microbial antibiotic production: We will now look at the two sides of the story with regards to controlling bacterial infections by means of chemicals: 1. which 10. kills The chemical most likely to be inhibited by chloramphenicol are those undergoing Chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs are antimicrobial drugs synthesized by chemical procedures in the laboratory. Streptomycin has been … partially preventing the growth of the polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. 4. cannot be accumulated in animal cells. Teichoic acid synthesis, which requires the same carrier, is also Decontamination is an essential part of any infection prevention and control programme. An agent that is cidal in action will kill microorganisms and viruses. Beta lactam antibiotics are normally meningitidis. Ways in Which Our Control Agents May Affect Bacterial, 2. small proportion of patients who receive it is in no way related to its have broadened spectra against Gram-negatives and are effective orally; and Gram-negative bacteria are said to be broad spectrum . pneumoniae Gentamicin and Tobramycin Why then do bacteria produce antibiotics? static The thermal death point (TDP) of a microorganism is the lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed in a 10-minute exposure. Bacteria which are almost always cases, Beta Lactam antibiotics. In addition, in the posttransplant period, tracheal, wound, blood, and bile cultures were obtained to screen for … Ehrlich noted that certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, while others did not. found to have greater bactericidal effect against M.tuberculosis than Select the major cellular targets of physical and chemical control agents: Cell wall cell membrane proteins. activated of Cephalosporium. Humans possess DNA gyrase but currently it is produced entirely by chemical accumulation of the antibiotic at concentrations 50 times as great as antibiotics In the Disinfection is the elimination of microorganisms, but not necessarily endospores, from inanimate objects or surfaces. Search ADS 42. Sulfanilamide can Definition of Terms Sterilization - process of destroying all forms of microbial life Disinfection - elimination of microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces Antimicrobial agents - agents that inhibit the growth or completely destroy the life of microorganisms 2. their own folic acid but obtain it in a preformed fashion as a vitamin. transfer (sulfonamides) with a similar mode of action to penicillins that are produced by the tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, the macrolides Start studying Chapter 5: Control of Microbial Growth. e*. bacterial gentamicin. inhibited. have been used against a wide variety of bacterial infections caused by The beta lactam The tetracyclines are compounds Many of today's antibiotics are now actually semisynthetic and some are even made synthetically. 4. subject growth of cells. Rifampicin acts quite specifically on eubacterial RNA 7. The most important property of a in 1959. polymerase. against Gram-negative rods), resistance to penicillinase or effective inhibitors which sterilization The balance between The most important members of the group are erythromycin An agent that is cidal in action kills microorganisms. It is not usually for physical agent. para-aminosalicylic It is effective orally and in restrict their usage: prolonged use is known to impair kidney function used thereby agent. (6-aminopenicillanic effective Sterilization is the process of destroying all living organisms and viruses. However, the main use of nalidixic Three additional synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic and a number of deaths from anemia occurred before its use correspondingly 3. its caused by intracellular parasites. many Gram-positive bacteria, including penicillin-resistant bactericidal synthesis Chloramphenicol is entirely selective for 70S related Antibiotics produced in sublethal quantities may function as interspecies quorum sensing molecules enabling a number of different bacteria to form within a common biofilm where metabolic end products of one organism may serve as a substrate for another. bacteria such as E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, K. infections Natural penicillins, such as Penicillin structure of chloroamphenicol. useful carbenicillin and tobramycin resistant. streptomycin, but now, most commonly, rifampicin is given) in structure of isoniazid. The shrinking of natural resources, an increase in pollution and carbon emissions and other problems related to human health are the consequence of industrialization and have proven disastrous for every global regi… The 15. and affect animal cells and bacterial cells alike and therefore have no However, since mitochondria Sterilization is the process of destroying all living organisms and viruses. 7. microbes. (PABA), the substrate for the first enzyme in the THF pathway, and they The lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample within 10 minutes is the: thermal death point. occurring 10. broad spectrum and low toxicity has led to their overuse and misuse by The chemical structure of erythromycin. beta-hemolytic Most have an affinity or specificity for 70S (as selective Methicillin It details methods for the elimination or prevention/control of microbial growth, and features: New chapters on bioterrorism and community healthcare New chapters on microbicide regulations in the EU, USA and Canada Latest material on microbial resistance to microbicides … sterilization is a … Chemotherapy is based on selective toxicity. The only antibacterial antibiotic of clinical importance is this manner. carrier molecule that carries the subunit to the outside of the The most important antibiotics with this mode of action (e.g. competitively inhibit the enzyme that has PABA as it's normal substrate important uses, such as in the treatment of Lyme disease. Reflects the uncertainty in microbial recovery especially in the cleanest environments. 4. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. drugs, the The microbial growth control is essential as it stops the decomposition and spoilage of foods and other consumable products and also preventing the unwanted microbial contaminations. Define common terms used in describing the methods of microbial control. antibiotic is expressed as its spectrum of action. enzyme DNA gyrase, a topoisomerase, is responsible for introducing It inhibits beta lactamase enzymes and has given extended life with broad antimicrobial activity. widely Different microorganisms will respond differently to high temperatures, with some (e.g., endospore-formers such as C. botulinum) bein… Control of cell division in yeast using ionophore A23187 with calcium and magnesium ... Metal speciation and microbial growth—the hard (and soft) facts J. Gen. Microbiol. 2. are A disinfectant is an agents used to disinfect inanimate objects but generally to toxic to use on human tissues. to animals that might prove useful in the treatment of infectious 3. Antibiotic We confirmed the selective benefit of siderophores by showing that taxa producing large amounts of siderophore suffered less growth inhibition in toxic copper. Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic systemically. 6. elongation of the protein by peptidyl transferase or prevents streptomycin). Ethambutol inhibits incorporation of mycolic acids into the accounts for its specificity of action, since an effective subject is clavamox or augmentin. Gram-negative 11. plus Penicillium 15 As discussed throughout this chapter, it is very important that appropriate protocols be employed for the decontamination of areas at high risk of microbial contamination in the hospital environment. 2. They are effective against streptococcus, In the early 1940's, spurred ... penicillins, cephalosporins, streptomycin, neomycin). and does not affect 80S ribosomes. "Control of microbial growth", as used here, means to inhibit or prevent growth of microorganisms. include used compounds with even higher and broader antibacterial activity. fermentation followed, and by the 1950's, these and several other antibiotics were A broad spectrum agent is one generally effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. of these drugs in certain situations is and treatment staphylococci. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology contains 46 chapters on bacteria including structure-function, growth, control of growth, metabolism, interactions with humans, pathogenesis and medically-important species. Selective toxicity means that the chemical being used should inhibit or kill the intended pathogen without seriously harming the host. some can now be produced semisynthetically. The chemical recommended Mycoplasma decontamination of cell cultures was monitored by the cultivation method 4 weeks after treatment. but synthesis inhibitors generally inhibit some step in the synthesis of usually Exposure to low concentrations of an antibiotic may trigger bacteria to produce quorum sensing molecules that trigger the population to produce a protective biofilm. reduced their effectiveness. 9. The chemical It is situations (e.g. The control of microbial growth is an essential procedure to prevent the transmission of infections and diseases caused by the microbial agents. In certain food matrices, such as cereals , ozone has been shown not to … and azithromycin. The new edition of this established and highly respected text is THE definitive reference in its field. Sterilization They are considered narrow to deafness. The probe is used to explore the patients teeth so we will have been in contact with both mucous membranes and the outside of the patients teeth. Heat can kill microbes by altering their membranes and denaturing proteins. in the Treatment of Infectious Disease. except where resistance has developed. … a resistant strain. than natural penicillins. d*. cell. well into the cerebrospinal fluid and is therefore useful for treatment Synthetic chemicals that can be used therapeutically. bacteria. All the organisms are protected within the same biofilm. In particular, in reducing the incidence and prevalence of HCAI the correct decontamination of … Microbial decontamination refers to the removal and decomposition of microorganisms including aflatoxin-producing fungi (APF) by disinfection, inactivation, sterilization and other procedures. products Since animals do not make folic acid, they are not affected by these effectiveness to a particular tRNA. Bacitracin has a high toxicity which precludes its systemic use. bacillus of the ribosome or both. Disinfectant their 3. streptococci and E. coli. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. An unfortunate side effect of aminoglycosides has tended to Macrolides are bacteriostatic for most Isoniazid has been reported to inhibit mycolic acid chemotherapeutic 2. individuals the beta lactam molecule attaches to a serum protein which thereby interfere with membrane function. enzymes required for the synthesis of If produced in large enough amounts, antibiotics may be used as a weapon to inhibit or kill other microbes in the vicinity to reduce competition for food. f*. negative supercoils into the structure. Decontamination is the treatment of an object or inanimate surface to make it safe to handle. synthesis. tetracycline bonds The chemical Thus a blood level of Select which of the following is one of the four major targets of antimicrobial agents: Cell wall. Recall the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of chemical control. As mentioned above, antibiotics are metabolic products of one microorganism that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. Drugs that are effective against a variety of … have agents affect the synthesis of DNA or RNA, or can bind to DNA or RNA so therapeutically is a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin that is active against antibiotics which are all natural products of Streptomyces, This greatly enhances its antibacterial effectiveness taking of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes is vital to bacteria, and between between peptide side chains, mediated by bacterial Physical agents 2. concentration No side effects were seen in cell cultures and complex proliferation assays with cells of human and murine origin, using ciprofloxacin in doses up to 2.5 times the usual bactericidal concentration. Gram-negative bacteria. sensitive treatment of this difference can be taken in chemotherapy. added and minimal side effects when taken by animals. Trimethoprim. disease. Macrolides inhibit Selective and differential media are media based on either complex or defined media supplemented with growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting additives. conjunction In the 1800s, scientists began experimenting with a variety of chemicals for disinfection. that disorganize the membranes rapidly kill the cells. For more information: Preview of control of microorganisms by means of physical agents from Lab 18. inhibit the last step in peptidoglycan synthesis, the final An antibiotic is a metabolic product produced by one microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms. both would be semicritical. acid and ciprofloxacin It is used in simple techniques like cooking and canning. Based on your exploration and the theory, what do you think the difference is between decontamination and sterilization? 12. 1. Tetracycline, chlortetracycline Its unfortunate toxicity towards the The sulfonamides have been extremely is dose related, develops in a small proportion (1/50,000) of patients. spectrum structure of tetracycline.

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h) No cans, bottles or other liquid containers are placed in the hire item(s) unless they are dry, free from liquid, residues and open for inspection.
i) That no fridges, freezers, vehicle tyres, car/commercial vehicle batteries and any other waste types, which following changes in legislation from time to time may become classified as a special difficult, or hazardous waste type.

16. The Hirer shall ensure from the time that the hire item(s) is deposited until it is picked up again by the Provider/Supplier:-

a) It is properly sited in accordance with any relevant permission and that all conditions thereof are observed and performed at all times.

b) It is properly coned where necessary during the hours of daylight and coned and lighted during the hours of darkness.

c) No fires are lit in, and no corrosive acid or noxious substance, liquid cement or concrete placed in the hire item(s).

d) It is filled no higher than the top of its sides and in such a manner as to prevent spillage of material, both whilst the container is stationary, or in transit. Where hire item(s) are located on public or third party property and waste is accumulated for any reason whatsoever in the immediate proximity of the hire item(s), Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to supply a further hire item(s) to contain the surplus material and to transfer the same to the hire item(s) and to debit the Hirer with the reasonable costs of so doing.

e) It suffers no damage except fair wear and tear. All damage by fire, vandalism or other means, the Hirer will reimburse the Provider all costs for either replacement or repair; unless the Hirer has taken out an insurance policy with Skipandwaste.com, or provides their own insurance to cover all loss and/or damage whilst the hire item(s) are under the Hirer’s care.

f) No danger is caused by the hire item(s) or its contents to any third party and in particular, but without limitation thereto, to children.

g) No unauthorised removal of the hire item(s) shall take place by the hirer or a 3rd party contractor without the prior consent of the provider. The hirer will be debited all reasonable costs incurred in returning the hire item(s), or in cases where the hire item(s) is deemed lost or stolen the hirer will reimburse the Provider in full. Please note that many insurance policies will not cover theft of hire item(s).

17. Notwithstanding the terms of condition 15 it shall be the Hirer’s duty to notify the Provider of, and the Provider’s responsibility to ensure compliance with, any condition imposed by a highway authority relating to the marking of the hire item(s) with reflective paint.

18. Except as specifically otherwise agreed in writing the Hirer shall fill the hire item(s) within the period of hire as specified by the Provider and shall inform Skipandwaste.com in good time of its readiness for collection or replacement. The Hirer shall ensure that, from the time when collection of the hire item(s) is due to take place until the same is collected, there is left a clear space at one end of the container to terminate the hiring of the hire item(s) the minimum notice period shall be one clear working day.

19. The Provider may arrange the removal or repositioning of the hire item(s) if required at any time to do so by a highway authority or constable in uniform under Section 140 of the Highway Act 1980. The Hirer shall be responsible for the reasonable additional cost thereof on the part of the Provider or Supplier.

20. It is the responsibility of the hirer’s representative on site to keep the hirer’s copy of the ‘Proof of
Delivery’ ticket. Any copies required at a later date will be subject to a £30 administration charge.

21. Except as specifically otherwise agreed in writing, the Provider agrees to dispose of the contents of the hire item(s) as shall be in accordance with the terms of the contract. The Hirer agrees that they will pay the Provider’s reasonable charges of dealing with any of the contents of any hire item(s) which do not comply with the terms of this contract.

22. Risk and Title: The risk in relation to any hire item(s) supplied pursuant to this Contract shall pass to the Hirer upon delivery, in accordance with the Hirer’s request or direction and shall remain with the Hirer until the hire item(s) are collected by the Provider. Title shall not transfer to the Hirer under any circumstances.

23. Where the Service is provided under a consumer transaction as defined by the Consumer Transaction (Restriction on Statements) order 1976, the statutory rights of the Hirer are not affected by these conditions.

24. It is specifically provided and agreed that any compensation &/or damages payment in respect of any claim or claims arising out of, or in connection with, the terms of this contract for any reason whatsoever and howsoever arising, shall not amount in the aggregate to more than the cost of the provision of the service by the Provider, or that part of the Service giving rise to such claim, and in any event not more than £1000; and Skipandwaste.com and any other person entitled to the benefit of this contract shall have no further liability to the Hirer. Except in respect of death or personal injury caused by the negligence of Skipandwaste.com or any other person entitled to the benefit of this contract, Skipandwaste.com or such party shall not be liable to the Hirer by reason of any representation, or any implied warranty, condition or other term, or any duty at common law, or under the expressed terms of this contract, for any consequential loss or damage (whether for loss of profit or otherwise), costs, expenses or other claims for consequential or incidental compensation whatsoever (and whether caused by the negligence of Skipandwaste.com or any other party entitled to the benefit of this contract, their employees, or agents, or otherwise) which arise out of, or in connection with the supply of the service, except as expressly provided in these conditions.

25. Skipandwaste.com shall not be liable to the Hirer or be deemed to be in breach of the contract by reason of any delay in performing, or any failure to perform, any of the provider’s, supplier’s, or co-ordinator’s obligations in relation to the service, if the delay or failure was due to force majeure.

26. Insolvency of Hirer:

a) This clause applies if:

i) The Hirer makes any voluntary arrangement with its creditors or becomes subject to an administration order or (being an individual or firm) becomes bankrupt or (being a company) goes into liquidation (otherwise than for the purposes of amalgamation or
reconstruction); or ii) an encumbrance takes possession, or a receiver is appointed, or any of the property or assets of the Hirer, or

iii) The Hirer ceases or threatens to cease; to carry on business; or

iv) Skipandwaste.com reasonably apprehends that any of the events mentioned above is about to occur in relation to the Hirer and notifies to the Hirer accordingly.

b) If this clause applies, then without prejudice to any other right or remedy available to Skipandwaste.com, Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to cancel the contract or suspend any further deliveries under the Contract without any liability to the Hirer, and if the Services have been provided but not paid for, the price shall become immediately due and payable, not withstanding any previous agreement or arrangement to the contrary.

27. Refund Policy

27.1 Application for refunds must be sent directly to Skipandwaste.com, in writing, addressed to the Customer Service Manager.

28. Cancellation Policy – Cancellation of Hire. If the hirer chooses to cancel the hire, the following charges will be levied:

More than 4 days’ notice – 10% of total hire charge

1-3 days’ notice – 50% of total hire charge

Less than 24 hours’ notice – 100% of total hire charge

Please note cancellation charges apply on all orders once instruction to deliver has been taken.

Additional Terms & Conditions for Domestic Private Hire

The hirer is responsible for ensuring the position for hire item(s) delivery has a clear access. Blocked access due to abandoned vehicles or materials resulting in failed delivery/collection will incur standing time and or an aborted delivery charge (known generally as a wasted journey fee). The Hirer is responsible for theft or damage to hire item(s) whilst on hire & until hire item(s) is removed by the hire item(s) owner.

Skipandwaste.com cannot accept any liability for any costs incurred through damage to the hirer’s driveway or other property whilst delivering or collecting the hire item(s) off the public highway.

The hire item(s) vehicle is invited off the highways onto private property at the hirer’s own risk, and is a separate arrangement to be confirmed with the Provider. Please note that we draw your attention to the fact that tarmac, block paved, and pattern-imprinted concrete driveways are at most risk.

The Hirer is also responsible for pointing out low lying cables, narrow entrance pillars, manhole covers, and any other potential risks or obstructions to Hire item(s) or the driver, prior to the hire item(s) delivery.
The local authority may require the lighting and coning of all on-road hire item(s) and, unless otherwise advised, it is necessary to obtain the necessary council consent with a road permit. Hirers should note that the fines for failure to light and cone a skip correctly vary according to the regulations set by the permit issuing authority. Hirers are advised to consult https://www.gov.uk/apply-skip-permit prior to completing the request of the hire item(s). Skipandwaste.com can assist in the facilitation of the provision of a valid permit. Please be advised that there will be an administration charge of £15 per permit/paperwork application.

In all cases delivery and collection times are given for guidance only and Skipandwaste.com accepts no liability for any costs incurred due to delays in delivery/collection; or failure to deliver on the preferred delivery date, or at the preferred time due to unforeseen circumstances. In all circumstances invoices exclude exceptional conditions such as force majeure.

In Addition to the above terms

1 INTERPRETATION

1.1 In these conditions the following words have the following meanings:
“Contract” means a contract which incorporates these conditions and made between the Customer and the Supplier for the hire of Hire Goods and/or the sale of Products;
“Customer” means the person, firm, company or other organisation hiring Hire Goods;
“Deposit” means any advance payment required by Skipandwaste.com in relation to the Hire Goods which is to be held as security by Skipandwaste.com;
“Force Majeure” means any event outside a party’s reasonable control including but not limited to acts of God, war, flood, fire, labour disputes, strikes, sub-contractors, lock-outs, riots, civil commotion, malicious damage, explosion, terrorism, governmental actions and any other similar events;
“Hire Goods” means any machine, article, tool, skip, ‘wheelie bin’ and/or device together with any accessories specified in a Contract, which are hired to the Customer;
“Hire Period” means the period commencing when the Customer holds the Hire Goods on hire (including Saturdays, Sundays and Bank Holidays) and ending upon the happening of any of the following events: the physical return of the Hire Goods by the Customer into the Provider’s possession; or the physical repossession or collection of Hire Goods by the Provider;
“Liability” means liability for any and all damages, claims, proceedings, actions, awards, expenses, costs and any other losses and/or liabilities;
“Products” means the products sold to the Customer by Skipandwaste.com; “Rental” means the Provider’s charging rate for the hire of the Hire Goods which is current from time to time during the Hire Period;
“Provider” means the appointed company arranged by Skipandwaste.com to fulfil the terms of the contract and will include its employees, servants, agents and/or duly authorised representatives;
“Services” means the services and/or work (if any) to be performed by Skipandwaste.com for the Customer in conjunction with the hire of Hire Goods including any delivery and/or collection service for the Hire Goods.

2 BASIS OF CONTRACT

2.1 Hire Goods are hired subject to them being available for hire to the Customer at the time required by the Customer. Skipandwaste.com will not be liable for any loss suffered by the Customer as a result of the Hire Goods being unavailable for hire where the Hire Goods are unavailable due to circumstances beyond Skipandwaste.com’s control.
2.2 Where hire of the Hire Goods is to a Customer who is an individual and the hire would be covered by the Consumer Credit Act 1974 the duration of the Hire Period shall not exceed 3 months, after which time the Contract shall be deemed to have automatically terminated.
2.3 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit any statutory rights of the Customer which may not be excluded or limited due to the Customer acting as a consumer. For further information about your statutory rights contact your local authority Trading Standards Department or Citizen’s Advice Bureau.

3 PAYMENT

3.1 The amount of any Deposit, Rental and/or charges for any Services shall be as quoted to the Customer or otherwise as shown in Skipandwaste.com’s online quotation service. Where a Deposit is required for the Hire Goods it must be paid in advance of the Customer hiring the Hire Goods. Skipandwaste.com may also require an initial payment on account of the Rental in advance of the Customer hiring the Hire Goods.
3.2 The Customer shall pay the Rental, charges for any Services, monies for any Products and/or any other sums payable under the contract to Skipandwaste.com at the time and in the manner agreed. Skipandwaste.com’s prices are, unless otherwise stated, exclusive of any applicable VAT for which the Customer shall additionally be liable.
3.3 Payments by the Customer on time under the Contract are an essential condition of the Contract. Payment shall not be deemed to be made until Skipandwaste.com has received either cash or cleared funds in respect of the full amount outstanding.
3.4 Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to withhold payment for any requested hire item, until the appropriate certification and paperwork has been received by Skipandwaste.com. This is usually, but not limited to, Waste Transfer Note, Certification of Waste type and accurate weight thereof.

4 RISK AND TITLE OWNERSHIP AND INSURANCE

4.1 Risk in the Hire Goods and any Products will pass immediately to the Customer when they leave the physical possession or control of the Provider. Title will not transfer to the Customer in any case.
4.2 Risk in the Hire Goods will not pass back to the Provider from the Customer until the Hire Goods are back in the physical possession of the Provider. This shall apply even if the Provider has agreed to cease charging the Rental.
4.3 Ownership of the Hire Goods remains at all times with the Provider. The Customer has no right, title or interest in the Hire Goods except that they are hired to the Customer.
4.4 The Customer must not deal with the ownership or any interest in the Hire Goods. This includes but is not limited to selling, assigning, mortgaging, pledging, charging, securing, hiring, withholding, exerting any right to withhold, disposing of and/or lending.
4.5 The Provider may provide reasonably priced insurance in respect of the Hire Goods at additional cost to the Rental. Alternatively the Provider may require the Customer to insure the Hire Goods on such reasonable terms and for such reasonable risks as the Provider may specify. The proceeds of any such insurance shall be held by the Customer in trust for the Provider and be paid to the Provider on demand. The Customer must not compromise any claim in respect of the Hire Goods and/or any associated insurance without the Provider’s written consent.

5 DELIVERY, COLLECTION AND SERVICES

5.1 It is the responsibility of the Customer to collect the Hire Goods from the Provider and return them to the Provider at the end of the Hire Period. If the Provider agrees to deliver or collect the Hire Goods to and/or from the Customer it will do so at its standard delivery cost and such delivery and/or collection will form part of the Services.
5.2 Where the Provider provides Services the persons performing the Services are servants of the Customer and once the Customer instructs such person they are under the direction and control of the Customer. The Customer shall be solely responsible for any instruction, guidance and/or advice given by the Customer to any such person and for any damage which occurs as a result of such persons following the Customer’s instructions, guidance and/or advice except to the extent that the persons performing the Services are negligent.
5.3 The Customer will allow and/or procure sufficient access to and from the relevant site and procure sufficient unloading space, facilities, equipment and access to power supplies and utilities for the Provider’s employees, subcontractors and/or agents to allow them to carry out the Services. The Customer will ensure that the site where the Services are to be performed is, where necessary, cleared and prepared before the Services are due to commence.
5.4 If any Services are delayed, postponed and/or are cancelled due to the Customer failing to comply with its obligations the Customer will be liable to pay the Provider’s additional standard charges from time to time for such delay, postponement and/or cancellation except where the Customer is acting as a consumer and the delay is due to a Force Majeure event.

6 CARE OF HIRE GOODS

6.1 The Customer shall:-
6.1.1 not remove any labels from and/or interfere with the Hire Goods, their working mechanisms or any other parts of them and take reasonable care of the Hire Goods and only use them for their proper purpose in a safe and correct manner in accordance with any operating and/or safety instructions provided or supplied to the Customer;
6.1.2 Notify the Provider immediately after any breakdown, loss and/or damage to the Hire Goods;
6.1.3 Take adequate and proper measures to protect the Hire Goods from theft, damage and/or other risks;
6.1.4 Notify the Provider of any change of its address and upon the Provider’s request provide details of the location of the Hire Goods;
6.1.5 Permit the Provider at all reasonable times to inspect the Hire Goods including procuring access to any property where the Hire Goods are situated;
6.1.6 keep the Hire Goods at all times in its possession and control and not to remove the Hire Goods from the United Kingdom without the prior written consent of the Provider;
6.1.7 be responsible for the conduct and cost of any testing, examinations and/or checks in relation to the Hire Goods required by any legislation, best practice and/or operating instructions except to the extent that the Provider has agreed to provide them as part of any Services;
6.1.8 Not do, or omit to do, anything which will, or may be deemed to, invalidate any policy of insurance related to the Hire Goods, which is notified to the Customer;
6.1.9 not continue to use Hire Goods where they have been damaged and will notify Skipandwaste.com and the Provider immediately if the Hire Goods are involved in an accident resulting in damage to the Hire Goods, other property and/or injury to any person; and
6.1.10 where the Hire Goods require fuel, oil and/or electricity ensure that the proper type and/or voltage is used and that, where appropriate, the Hire Goods are properly installed by a qualified and competent person.
6.2 The Hire Goods must be returned by the Customer in good working order and condition (fair wear and tear excepted) and in a clean condition together with all insurance policies, licences, registration and other documents relating to the Hire Goods.

7 BREAKDOWN

7.1 The Provider will at its own cost carry out all routine maintenance and repairs to the Hire Goods during the Hire Period and all repairs which are required due to fair wear and tear and/or an inherent fault in the Hire Goods. The Customer will be responsible for the cost of all repairs necessary to Hire Goods during the Hire Period which arise otherwise than as a result of fair wear and tear, an inherent fault and/or the negligence of the Supplier while carrying out routine maintenance and/or repairs.
7.2 The Customer must not repair or attempt to repair the Hire Goods unless authorised to do so in writing by Skipandwaste.com or the Provider.

8 LOSS OR DAMAGE TO THE HIRE GOODS

8.1 If the Hire Goods are returned in damaged, unclean and/or defective state except where due to fair wear and tear and/or an inherent fault in the Hire Goods the Customer shall be liable to pay the Provider for the cost of any repair and/or cleaning required to return the Hire Goods to a condition fit for re-hire and to pay the Rental, in accordance with the provisions of clause 8.3, until such repairs and/or cleaning have been completed.
8.2 The Customer will pay to the Provider the replacement cost of any Hire Goods which are lost, stolen and/or damaged beyond economic repair during the Hire Period less the amount paid to the Provider under any policy of insurance taken out in accordance with these conditions.
8.3 The Customer shall pay the Rental for the Hire Goods up to and including the date it notifies Skipandwaste.com that the Hire Goods have been lost, stolen and/or damaged beyond economic repair. From that date until Skipandwaste.com has replaced such Hire Goods the Customer shall pay, as a genuine pre-estimate of lost rental profit, a sum as liquidated damages being equal to two thirds of the Rental that would have applied for such Hire Goods for that period. Skipandwaste.com shall use its reasonable commercial endeavours to purchase replacements for such Hire Goods as quickly as possible using the monies paid under clause 8.2 above.

9 TERMINATION BY NOTICE

9.1 If the Hire Period has a fixed duration, subject to the provisions of Section 10 neither the Customer nor Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to terminate the Contract before the expiry of that fixed period unless agreed with the other party.
9.2 If the Hire Period does not have a fixed duration either of the Customer or Skipandwaste.com is entitled to terminate the Contract upon giving to the other party any agreed period of notice.
9.3 If no period of notice has been agreed or specified the Customer may terminate the Hire Period by the physical return of the Hire Goods to the Provider and Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to terminate the hire of the Hire Goods by giving not less than 14 days’ notice to the Customer.

10 DEFAULT

10.1 If the Customer:-
10.1.1 Fails to make any payment to Skipandwaste.com when due without just cause;
10.1.2 breaches the terms of the Contract and, where the breach is capable of remedy, has not remedied the breach within 14 days of receiving notice requiring the breach to be remedied;
10.1.3 Persistently breaches the terms of the Contract;
10.1.4 provides incomplete, materially inaccurate or misleading facts and/or information in connection with the Contract;
10.1.5 pledges, charges or creates any form of security over any Hire Goods, or ceases or threatens to cease to carry on business, or proposes to compound with its creditors, applies for an interim moratorium in respect of claims and/or proceedings, any distress, execution or other legal process is levied on any property of the Customer, has a Bankruptcy Petition presented against it or the Customer takes or suffers any similar action in any jurisdiction;
10.1.6 being a company, enters into voluntary or compulsory liquidation, has a receiver, administrator or administrative receiver appointed over all or any of its assets, any attachment order is made against the Customer, any distress, execution or other legal process is levied on any property of the Customer or the Customer takes or suffers any similar action in any jurisdiction;
10.1.7 appears reasonably to Skipandwaste.com due to the Customer’s credit rating to be financially inadequate to meet its obligations under the Contract; and/or
10.1.8 appears reasonably to Skipandwaste.com to be about to suffer any of the above events; then Skipandwaste.com shall have the right, without prejudice to any other remedies, to exercise any or all of the rights set out in clause 10.2 below.

10.2 If any of the events set out in clause 10.1 above occurs in relation to the
Customer then:-
10.2.1 Except where the Customer is acting as a consumer, Skipandwaste.com may enter, without prior notice, any premises of the Customer (or premises of third parties with their consent) where Hire Goods owned by Skipandwaste.com may be and repossess any Hire Goods;
10.2.2 Skipandwaste.com may withhold the performance of any Services and cease any Services in progress under this and/or any other Contract with the Customer;
10.2.3 Skipandwaste.com may immediately cancel, terminate and/or suspend without Liability to the Customer the Contract and/or any other contract with the Customer; and/or
10.2.4 All monies owed by the Customer to Skipandwaste.com shall immediately become due and payable.

10.3 Any repossession of the Hire Goods shall not affect Skipandwaste.com’s right to recover from the Customer any monies due under the Contract and/or any damages in respect of any breach which occurred prior to repossession of the Hire Goods.

10.4 Upon termination of the Contract the Customer shall immediately:
10.4.1 return the Hire Goods to Skipandwaste.com and/or Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider; or make the Hire Goods available for collection by Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider as requested by the Provider; and
10.4.2 Pay to Skipandwaste.com all arrears for Rentals, Charges for any Services, monies for any Products and/or any other sums payable under the Contract.

11 LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY

11.1 All warranties, representations, terms, conditions and duties implied by law relating to fitness, quality and/or adequacy are excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.
11.2 If Skipandwaste.com is found to be liable in respect of any loss or damage to the Customer’s property the extent of Skipandwaste.com’s Liability will be limited to the retail cost of replacement of the damaged property.
11.3 Any defective Hire Goods must be returned to Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider for inspection if requested by Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider, before Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider will have any Liability for defective Hire Goods.
11.4 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer if, without just cause, any monies due in respect of the Hire Goods and/or the Services has not been paid in full by the due date for payment.
11.5 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability for additional damage, loss, liability, claims, costs or expenses caused, or contributed to, by the Customer’s continued use of defective Hire Goods and/or Services after a defect has become apparent, or suspected, or should reasonably have become apparent to the Customer.
11.6 The Customer shall give Skipandwaste.com a reasonable opportunity to remedy any matter for which Skipandwaste.com is liable, before the Customer incurs any costs and/or expenses in remedying the matter itself. If the Customer does not do so Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer in this regard.
11.7 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer to the extent that the Customer is covered by any policy of insurance arranged as a result of the Contract and the Customer shall ensure that the Customer’s insurers waive any and all rights of subrogation they may have against Skipandwaste.com.
11.8 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer for any:-
11.8.1 Consequential losses (including loss of profits and/or damage to goodwill and/or reputation);
11.8.2 Economic and/or other similar losses;
11.8.3 Special damages and indirect losses; and/or
11.8.4 Business interruption, loss of business, contracts and/or opportunity.

11.9 Skipandwaste.com’s total Liability to the Customer under and/or arising in relation to any Contract shall not exceed 5 times the amount of the Rental and charges for Services (if any) under that Contract or the sum of £1,000 whichever is the higher. To the extent that any Liability of Skipandwaste.com to the Customer would be met by any insurance of Skipandwaste.com, then the Liability of Skipandwaste.com shall be extended to the extent that such Liability is met by such insurance.

11.10 Each of the limitations and/or exclusions in this Contract shall be deemed to be repeated and apply as a separate provision for each of:
11.10.1 Liability for breach of contract;
11.10.2 Liability in tort (including negligence); and
11.10.3 Liability for breach of statutory and/or common law duty; except clause 11.9 above, which shall apply once only in respect of all the said types of Liability.

11.11 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit the Liability of Skipandwaste.com for death or personal injury due to Skipandwaste.com’s negligence, nor exclude or limit any other type of Liability which it is not permitted to exclude or limit as a matter of law.

12 GENERAL

12.1 Upon termination of the Contract the provisions of clauses 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and Section 6 shall continue in full force and effect.

12.2 Each hire of an item of Hire Goods shall form a distinct Contract which shall be separate to any other Contract relating to other Hire Goods.

12.3 The Customer shall be liable for the acts and/or omissions of its employees, agents, servants and/or subcontractors as though they were its own acts and/or omissions under this Contract.

12.4 The Customer agrees to indemnify and keep indemnified Skipandwaste.com against any and all losses, lost profits, damages, claims, costs (including legal costs on a full indemnity basis), actions and any other losses and/or liabilities suffered by the Supplier and arising from or due to any breach of contract, any tortuous act and/or omission and/or any breach of statutory duty by the Customer.

12.5 No waiver by Skipandwaste.com of any breach of this Contract shall be considered as a waiver of any subsequent breach of the same provision, or any other provision. If any provision is held by any relevant competent authority to be part of the validity of the other provisions of this Contract and the remainder of the affected provision shall be unaffected and shall remain in full force and effect.

12.6 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer for any delay and/or non-performance of a Contract to the extent that such delay is due to any Force Majeure events. If Skipandwaste.com is affected by any such event then time for performance shall be extended for a period equal to the period that such event or events delayed such performance.

12.7 All third party rights are excluded and no third parties shall have any rights to enforce the Contract.

This shall not apply to any finance company with whom Skipandwaste.com has an outstanding finance agreement relating to the Hire Goods. Such finance company shall, subject to Skipandwaste.com’s consent, have the right to enforce this Contract as if they were the Supplier. This Contract is governed by and interpreted in accordance with English law and the parties agree to submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts.

13 ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS

13.1 Skipandwaste.com may insert and present for payment any balance due and unpaid where the Customer has signed a blank or nil value debit or credit card voucher. The Supplier may also process interim payments by credit or debit card at any stage of the Contract.