the relative age of lower layers of rock is

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So the fault must be the youngest formation that is seen. A scientific law is something that we understand and is proven, and a principle is a guide we use to help us evaluate a system. You learn that the fossil is from the Mississippian period. Instead of invoking supernatural forces, Steno concluded that fossils were once parts of living creatures. 1.The fossil is older than the layer of rock it was formed in. Principle of Original Horizontality: Layers of rocks deposited from above, such as sediments and lava flows, are originally laid down horizontally. What did the farmer probably conclude about how the fossil got there? Often described as the founder of modern geology, Hutton formulated uniformitarianism: The present is the key to the past. William Smith and James Hutton later discovered the principles of cross-cutting relationships and faunal succession. Many fossils may qualify as index fossils (Figure below). Weathering and erosion created a layer of soil on top of layer A. Index fossils are also important in the age dating of rocks. Fossils of animals that drifted in the upper layers of the ocean are particularly useful as index fossils, since they may be distributed over very large areas. This makes perfect sense since the lower sediments would have been deposited first. A geologic cross section: Sedimentary rocks (A-C), igneous intrusion (D), fault (E). 4.It only works for organisms that died less than about 60,000 years ago. The relative age of lower layers of rock is _ than the relative age of rocks above them. If you know the relative ages of two rock layers, you know which is older and which is younger, but you do not know how old the layers are in years. If you find a fossil of a fish in a dry terrestrial environment did the fish flop around on land? Then they divided Earth’s history into blocks of time with each block separated by important events, such as the disappearance of a species of fossil from the rock record. What are the geological events that you can find in this image? The relative age of a rock is its age in comparison with other rocks. So the fault must be the youngest feature. Fault E formed, shifting rocks A through C and intrusion D. Weathering and erosion occurred, forming a layer of soil on top of layer A. Relative-Age Dating A. These rocks were then uplifted to become mountains. The Colorado River cuts through all the layers of rock to form the canyon. Older or greater. For example, Paleozoic rocks typically contain trilobites, brachiopods, and crinoid fossils. Students identify examples of different rock features for the purposes of determining relative ages in rock … Sedimentary rocks are deposited one on top of another. Changes of fossils over time led to the development of the geologic time scale. Rock layers are usually ordered with the oldest layers on the bottom, and the most recent layers on top. Probably the most famous example of a key bed is a layer of clay found at the boundary between the Cretaceous Period and the Tertiary Period, the time that the dinosaurs went extinct (Figure 11.16). c) The layers are the same age because the boundary is so irregular. Based on what you see, which fossil is an index fossil, and why? A biozone can also be used to identify rock layers across distances. Relative age means age in comparison with other rocks, either younger or older. Relative age means age in comparison with other rocks, either younger or older. While it may seem obvious today, most people at the time did not believe that fossils were once part of living creatures. This is the youngest rock above all the others. He concluded that Earth’s age should not be measured in thousands of years, but in millions of years. The reason was that the fossils of clams, snails, and other marine animals were found in tall mountains, miles from any ocean. deposition has been occurring on earth for a very long time. answer choices Each sedimentary layer of rock represents 1,000 years of Earth’s age, much like the rings of a tree. Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers and reconstruction of the original sequence in which they were deposited. “Theory of the Earth,” 1795. Thinnest rock. Water freezes at 0° C at 1 atmosphere pressure; this is always true. Geologists use stratigraphic principles – rules that help us interpret relationships between rocks – to describe and interpret relationships between layers and types of rock and determine the relative ag… We know these rock layers were once connected, which is described in the rule of lateral continuity. Add your answer and earn points. Explain to students that layers of … For example, consider the famous unconformity at Siccar Point, on the coast of Scotland (Figure below). When a valley cuts through sedimentary layers, it can be assumed that the rocks on either side of the valley were originally continuous. The relative age of lower layers of rock is _____ than the - 19239401 chilenogara33 chilenogara33 11/14/2020 Physics College The relative age of lower layers of rock is _____ than the relative age of rocks above them. - 14556641 (Hint: There are nine.). Found using radioactive dating- ratio of radioactive and stable isotopes found in rock. Photograph courtesy of O.L. Fault E formed, shifting rocks A through C and intrusion D. 6. Review the principle of original horizontality and the principle of superposition and you will see that the only possible answer to this puzzle is that layer A is the oldest … Second-oldest rock. Can you figure out what happened in what order in (Figure below)? For example, consider the famous unconformity at Siccar Point, on the coast of Scotland (Figure 11.15). One of the first to question this time scale was a Scottish geologist named James Hutton (1726-1797). Uplift occurs, exposing the new sedimentary rocks above the ocean surface. Geologists always use present-day processes to interpret the past. In 1980, the father-son team of Luis and Walter Alvarez proposed that a huge asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago and caused the mass extinction. 9. The Grand Canyon provides an excellent illustration of the principles above. Authors in that day thought that the fossils of marine animals found in tall mountains, miles from any ocean could be explained in one of two ways: But for Steno, the close resemblance between fossils and modern organisms was impossible to ignore. A sea covers the eroded sedimentary rock layers. The Coconino is the distinctive white layer; it is a vast expanse of ancient sand dunes. The sediments harden into sedimentary rock. This nicely illustrates the principle of original horizontality. What was the environment like during the Mississippian in Utah? Recall that index fossils are the remains of organisms that were widespread but only existed for a relatively short period of time. a) The upper sedimentary layer is younger. Steno’s and Smith’s principles are essential for determining the relative ages of rocks and rock layers. The sedimentary rocks are uplifted and tilted, exposing them above sea level. The sedimentary rocks are uplifted and tilted, exposing them above the ocean surface. The stratigraphy of an area provides the basis for putting together the geologic history of an area. 2. Steno stated that sedimentary rocks are formed in continuous, horizontal layers, with younger layers on top of older layers. An interactive website on relative ages and geologic time is found here: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage1.html. Steno proposed that if a rock contained the fossils of marine animals, the rock formed from sediments that were deposited on the seafloor. The first is the fact that some sedimentary rock formations span vast distances, recognizable across large regions. The easiest way to do relative age dating is to work from oldest to youngest. If an igneous dike (B) cuts a series of metamorphic rocks (A), which is older and which is younger? The Law of Faunal Succession explains that fossils found in rock layers are also ordered in this way. Figure 11.10: Tyrannosaurus rex fossil resembling a living organism. Based on a geological cross-section, identify the oldest and youngest formations. Based on figure 15, at least nine geological events can be inferred: Hutton realized that an enormous period of time was needed to account for the repeated episodes of deposition, rock formation, uplift, and erosion that led to the formation of an unconformity, like the one at Siccar Point. 3. The intrusion (D) cuts through the three sedimentary rock layers, so it must be younger than those layers. (This explanation could not account for the fact that fossils were not only found on mountains, but also within mountains, in rocks that had been quarried from deep below Earth’s surface.). Which is likely to be more frequently found in rocks: fossils of very old sea creatures or very old land creatures? 1 See answer chilenogara33 is waiting for your help. The exception to this principle is at the margins of basins, where the … Know how to use fossils to correlate rock layers. Relative Ages of Rocks 1. is the age of rocks and geologic features compared to other rocks and features nearby. Explain Steno’s laws of superposition and original horizontality. According to uniformitarianism, the same processes we see around us today operated in the past as well. Sometimes rock formations break or _ Fault. The unconformity was discovered by James Hutton in the 1700s. Determining the ages of rocks and fossils: How did preconceived ideas in Steno’s time make people blind to the reality of what fossils represent? DETERMINING RELATIVE AGE FROM THE ROCK RECORD . Hutton also realized the vast amounts of time that would be needed to create an unconformity and concluded that Earth was much older than people at the time thought. These horizontally layered beds were deposited about 450 million years ago. Big Idea. The principle of cross-cutting relationships states that a fault or intrusion is younger than the rocks that it cuts through. The intrusion (D) cuts through the three sedimentary rock layers, so it must be younger than those layers. 3.Both laws describe the relative ages of rocks. In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the lowest layers contain the older rocks. A series of sedimentary beds is deposited on an ocean floor. Since he thought that the same processes at work on Earth today worked at the same rate in the past, he had to account for all of these events and the unknown amount of missing time represented by the unconformity, Hutton realized that this rock sequence alone represented a great deal of time. as time goes by, more deposits form layers on the earth, including the remains of animals and plants that would later become fossils, burying the previous deposits in another layer of newer deposits. Steno was struck by the resemblance of the shark’s teeth to fossils, known as “tongue stones”, recovered from inland mountains and hills (Figure 11.9). http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage1.html, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/contents.html, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/mysteryfossil/mysteryfossil.php, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/McKinney.html, http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Earth-Science-For-High-School/. Steno first proposed that if a rock contained the fossils of marine animals, the rock was formed from sediments that were deposited on the seafloor. A biostratigraphic unit, or biozone, is a geological rock layer that is defined by a single index fossil or a fossil assemblage. One famous key bed is the clay layer at the boundary between the Cretaceous Period and the Tertiary Period, the time that the dinosaurs went extinct (Figure below). An example of this is given in Figure 8.2.2, which shows three different sedimentary layers. 6. Mucrospirifer mucronatus is an index fossil that indicates that a rock was laid down from 416 to 359 million years ago. These rocks were then uplifted to become mountains. In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the upper rock layers are older than the lower rock layers. This rock layer is below all the others. Your first example is the diagram below. As scientists collected fossils from all over the world, they recognized that rocks of different ages contain distinctive types of fossils. The youngest rock layers are at the top and the oldest are at the bottom, which is described by the law of, Distinctive rock layers, such as the Coconino Sandstone, are matched across the broad expanse of the canyon. To be able to discuss Earth history, scientists needed some way to refer to the time periods in which events happened and organisms lived. The tilted beds were eroded to form an irregular surface. What did he likely conclude about how the fossil got there? He then sought to explain how fossil seashells could be found in rocks and mountains far from any ocean. The principle of superposition states that the oldest sedimentary rock units are at the bottom, and the youngest are at the top. Knowing that natural laws never change helps scientists understand Earth’s past because it allows them to interpret clues about how things happened long ago. The sediments hardened into sedimentary rock. 5. Distinctive rock layers, called key beds, are also useful for correlating rock units. Events include intrusions and extrusions of igneous rock, crustal metamorphism and deformation accompanying mountain building, and the erosion and deposition of sediments. By the law of superposition, C is the oldest sedimentary rock, B is younger and A is still younger. Why was Hutton’s recognition of unconformities so significant? This thin layer of sediment, only a few centimeters thick, contains a high concentration of the element iridium. According to uniformitarianism, the same processes that operate on Earth today operated in the past as well. The guiding philosophy of Hutton and geologists who came after him is: The present is the key to the past. (c) Superposition: Sedimentary rocks are deposited one on top of another. Principle of Superposition: In an otherwise undisturbed sequence of sedimentary strata, or rock layers, the layers on the bottom are the oldest and layers above them are younger. Absolute age. At the time, most Europeans believed that the Earth was around 6,000 years old, a figure that was based on the amount of time estimated for the events described in the Bible. Youngest rock. Superposition. The shells were washed up during the Biblical flood. Volcanic ash flows are often useful as key beds because they are widespread and easy to identify. This helps geologists to determine the older and younger of two rock units (Figure below). Which of Steno’s Laws is illustrated by each of the images in, What kind of geological formation is shown in the outcrop in. Uplift occurred, exposing the new sedimentary rocks above the ocean surface. The Law of Superposition states that in a layered, depositional sequence (such as a series of sedimentary beds or lava flows), the material on which any layer is deposited is older than the layer itself. RELATIVE AGE. This rock layer is just above the oldest. Fossil species with features that change distinctly and quickly can be used to determine the age of rock layers quite precisely. These laws are illustrated in Figure below. Nicholas Steno first formulated the principles that allow scientists to determine the relative ages of rocks in the 17th century. The relative ages of rocks are important for understanding Earth’s history. The tilted beds are eroded by rain, ice, and wind to form an irregular surface. Most people at the time did not believe that fossils were once part of living creatures. Figure 8.9 The four types of unconformities: (a) a nonconformity between non-sedimentary rock and sedimentary rock, (b) an angular unconformity, (c) a disconformity between layers of sedimentary rock, where the older rock has been eroded but not tilted, and (d) a paraconformity where there is a long period (millions of years) of non-deposition between two parallel layers. Iridium is rare on Earth but common in asteroids. Many sedimentary rock formations are large and can be recognized across a region. At this gap in rock layers, or unconformity, some rocks were eroded away. Sediments were deposited in continuous sheets that spanned the body of water that they were deposited in. During Steno’s time, most Europeans believed that the Earth was around 6,000 years old, a figure that was based on the amount of time estimated for the events described in the Bible. This method does not give the age of the rock in years. Often described as the founder of modern geology, Hutton formulated a philosophy called uniformitarianism: The present is the key to the past. This principle says that lower rock layers (and fossils in them) are older than higher ones, unless there is evidence that the layers have been overturned. Often described as the founder of modern geology, Hutto… Finally, the Colorado River cuts through all the layers of sedimentary rock to form the canyon. position in sedimentary layers. In other words, fossil shells, bones, and teeth were never a part of a living creature! Did the rock form in water and then move? b) The lower gray layers are younger. If two rock units both contain the same type of index fossil, their age is probably very similar. Steno had other ideas. 2.The fault is younger than the layers of rock, according to the law of crosscutting. Above the erosion. Older features are replaced by more modern features in fossil organisms as species change through time; e.g. In 1666, a young doctor named Nicholas Steno dissected the head of an enormous great white shark that had been caught by fisherman near Florence, Italy. For example, if erosion and deposition occur slowly now, they probably have always occurred slowly. We live in the Holocene (sometimes called Recent) epoch, Quaternary period, Cenozoic era, and Phanerozoic eon. A volcanic ash unit could be a good key bed. For Steno, the close resemblance between fossils and modern organisms was impossible to ignore. Figure 11.15: Hutton’s Unconformity on the coast of Scotland. (a) Original Horizontality: Sediments are deposited in fairly flat, horizontal layers. Steno was struck by the resemblance of the shark’s teeth to fossils found in inland mountains and hills (Figure below). The new layers harden into sedimentary rock. Nicholas Steno formulated the principles in the 17th century that allow scientists to determine the relative ages of rocks. SWBAT identify intrusions, extrusions, folding, faulting, and contact metamorphism in rock layers and determine the relative age of various rock layers using cross-cutting relationships. If a sedimentary rock is found tilted, the layer was tilted after it was formed. 4. Which of Steno’s Laws is illustrated by each of the following images in Figure 11.18? The famous White Cliffs of Dover in southwest England can be matched to similar white cliffs in Denmark and Germany. Take the example, Figure 11.14: Figure 11.14: Cross-section of sedimentary layers: (A-C) igneous intrusion, (D) cross-section, (E) fault. 5. The vertical marks on the rocks are drill holes in which dynamite charges were exploded to remove the rock so that an interstate highway could be built. The fault cuts through all three sedimentary rock layers (A, B, and C) and also the intrusion (D). There are more in the archives: An interactive “Virtual Museum of Fossils”, An excerpt of the book “The Seashell on the Mountaintop” is found here. How can you determine the relative age of two rock layers that are very far apart. Since many of the scientists who first assigned names to times in Earth’s history were from Europe, they named the blocks of time from towns or other local places where the rock layers that represented that time were found. THE LAW OF SUPERPOSITION. The youngest rock layers are at the top of the canyon, while the oldest are at the bottom, which is described by the law of superposition. Geologist William Smith (1769-1839) identified the principle of faunal succession, which recognizes that: Scottish geologist, James Hutton (1726-1797) recognized the principle of cross-cutting relationships. What is the relative age of lower layers of rock to the rocks above them? The famous White Cliffs of Dover in southwest England can be matched to similar white cliffs in Denmark and Germany. Microfossils, which are fossils of microscopic organisms, are also useful index fossils. Hutton questioned the age of the Earth when he looked at rock sequences like the one below. Each era, period, and epoch of the geologic time scale is defined by the fossils that appeared at that time. What are sedimentary rock layers made of? A series of sedimentary beds was deposited on an ocean floor. Hutton discovered places where sedimentary rock beds lie on an eroded surface. So the full sequence of events is as follows: Steno discovered the rules for determining the relative age of rock beds, but he did not have a good understanding of how long it would take for these rock formations to form. To correlate rock layers that are separated by a large distance look for sedimentary rock formations that are extensive and recognizable, index fossils, and key beds. is the number of years since the rock formed. The principle that in undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rocks are on the bottom. Figure 11.13: Grand Canyon, with the Kaibab Limestone visible at the top of the canyon. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Relative_Ages_of_Rocks. 3. The relative age of lower layers of rock is _____ than the relative age of rocks above them. What was the significance of unconformities to James Hutton? One way to figure out relative age is by a process called superposition. Why are sedimentary rocks more useful than metamorphic or igneous rocks in establishing the relative ages of rock? In 1666, a young doctor named Nicholas Steno was invited to dissect the head of an enormous great white shark that had been caught by local fisherman near Florence, Italy. Steno discovered the rules for determining the relative age of rock beds, but he did not have a good understanding of how long it would take for these rock formations to form. Superposition refers to the position of rock layers and their relative ages (Figure below). The three outcrops in Figure 11.21 are very far apart. If you know the relative ages of two rock layers, (1) Do you know which is older and which is younger? Something that we hope you have learned from these lessons and from your own life experience is that the laws of nature never change. older than fossils found in lower layers of sedimentary rock. When rocks move along a fracture the fracture is called a … They are the same today as they were billions of years ago. The volcanic material in tuff is well-suited for radiometric dating , which uses known decay rates for specific unstable isotopes to determine the age of the rock that contains that isotope .

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c) Where inert waste loads (soil/hardcore/muck) are ordered and they are found to contain other waste types, in particular mixed builder’s waste materials thus contaminating the load, the hirer will be charged accordingly for the hire tipping charges (typically £82.50 per tonne). In particular the hirer must be aware of the considerable differences in landfill tax rates. Currently £2.50/tonne for inert materials and £82.50/tonne for active waste materials.

d) Where appropriate, waste is only stored in suitable containers.

e) That no liquids, explosives, toxic, or dangerous materials including, but not limited to fibrous asbestos, solvents, minerals or greases will be placed in the hire item(s) without the written consent of the supplier; and that the contents of the hire item(s) when loaded conform to the requirements of S.I.1980/1709 or any re-enactment thereof and the local waste regulation authority with regard omits suitability for disposal as general or special waste as a controlled waste disposal site.

f) If any waste to which the said section applies is placed in any hire item(s) the Hirer will immediately give the notices required by the said section and send copies of such notices to both Skipandwaste.com and the Provider.

g) That no bonded asbestos will be placed, save where the Hirer has given to Skipandwaste.com, a minimum of seven days’ notice of their intentions so to do and obtained the written agreement of Skipandwaste.com and agreed to the charges to be made with regard thereto.

h) No cans, bottles or other liquid containers are placed in the hire item(s) unless they are dry, free from liquid, residues and open for inspection.
i) That no fridges, freezers, vehicle tyres, car/commercial vehicle batteries and any other waste types, which following changes in legislation from time to time may become classified as a special difficult, or hazardous waste type.

16. The Hirer shall ensure from the time that the hire item(s) is deposited until it is picked up again by the Provider/Supplier:-

a) It is properly sited in accordance with any relevant permission and that all conditions thereof are observed and performed at all times.

b) It is properly coned where necessary during the hours of daylight and coned and lighted during the hours of darkness.

c) No fires are lit in, and no corrosive acid or noxious substance, liquid cement or concrete placed in the hire item(s).

d) It is filled no higher than the top of its sides and in such a manner as to prevent spillage of material, both whilst the container is stationary, or in transit. Where hire item(s) are located on public or third party property and waste is accumulated for any reason whatsoever in the immediate proximity of the hire item(s), Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to supply a further hire item(s) to contain the surplus material and to transfer the same to the hire item(s) and to debit the Hirer with the reasonable costs of so doing.

e) It suffers no damage except fair wear and tear. All damage by fire, vandalism or other means, the Hirer will reimburse the Provider all costs for either replacement or repair; unless the Hirer has taken out an insurance policy with Skipandwaste.com, or provides their own insurance to cover all loss and/or damage whilst the hire item(s) are under the Hirer’s care.

f) No danger is caused by the hire item(s) or its contents to any third party and in particular, but without limitation thereto, to children.

g) No unauthorised removal of the hire item(s) shall take place by the hirer or a 3rd party contractor without the prior consent of the provider. The hirer will be debited all reasonable costs incurred in returning the hire item(s), or in cases where the hire item(s) is deemed lost or stolen the hirer will reimburse the Provider in full. Please note that many insurance policies will not cover theft of hire item(s).

17. Notwithstanding the terms of condition 15 it shall be the Hirer’s duty to notify the Provider of, and the Provider’s responsibility to ensure compliance with, any condition imposed by a highway authority relating to the marking of the hire item(s) with reflective paint.

18. Except as specifically otherwise agreed in writing the Hirer shall fill the hire item(s) within the period of hire as specified by the Provider and shall inform Skipandwaste.com in good time of its readiness for collection or replacement. The Hirer shall ensure that, from the time when collection of the hire item(s) is due to take place until the same is collected, there is left a clear space at one end of the container to terminate the hiring of the hire item(s) the minimum notice period shall be one clear working day.

19. The Provider may arrange the removal or repositioning of the hire item(s) if required at any time to do so by a highway authority or constable in uniform under Section 140 of the Highway Act 1980. The Hirer shall be responsible for the reasonable additional cost thereof on the part of the Provider or Supplier.

20. It is the responsibility of the hirer’s representative on site to keep the hirer’s copy of the ‘Proof of
Delivery’ ticket. Any copies required at a later date will be subject to a £30 administration charge.

21. Except as specifically otherwise agreed in writing, the Provider agrees to dispose of the contents of the hire item(s) as shall be in accordance with the terms of the contract. The Hirer agrees that they will pay the Provider’s reasonable charges of dealing with any of the contents of any hire item(s) which do not comply with the terms of this contract.

22. Risk and Title: The risk in relation to any hire item(s) supplied pursuant to this Contract shall pass to the Hirer upon delivery, in accordance with the Hirer’s request or direction and shall remain with the Hirer until the hire item(s) are collected by the Provider. Title shall not transfer to the Hirer under any circumstances.

23. Where the Service is provided under a consumer transaction as defined by the Consumer Transaction (Restriction on Statements) order 1976, the statutory rights of the Hirer are not affected by these conditions.

24. It is specifically provided and agreed that any compensation &/or damages payment in respect of any claim or claims arising out of, or in connection with, the terms of this contract for any reason whatsoever and howsoever arising, shall not amount in the aggregate to more than the cost of the provision of the service by the Provider, or that part of the Service giving rise to such claim, and in any event not more than £1000; and Skipandwaste.com and any other person entitled to the benefit of this contract shall have no further liability to the Hirer. Except in respect of death or personal injury caused by the negligence of Skipandwaste.com or any other person entitled to the benefit of this contract, Skipandwaste.com or such party shall not be liable to the Hirer by reason of any representation, or any implied warranty, condition or other term, or any duty at common law, or under the expressed terms of this contract, for any consequential loss or damage (whether for loss of profit or otherwise), costs, expenses or other claims for consequential or incidental compensation whatsoever (and whether caused by the negligence of Skipandwaste.com or any other party entitled to the benefit of this contract, their employees, or agents, or otherwise) which arise out of, or in connection with the supply of the service, except as expressly provided in these conditions.

25. Skipandwaste.com shall not be liable to the Hirer or be deemed to be in breach of the contract by reason of any delay in performing, or any failure to perform, any of the provider’s, supplier’s, or co-ordinator’s obligations in relation to the service, if the delay or failure was due to force majeure.

26. Insolvency of Hirer:

a) This clause applies if:

i) The Hirer makes any voluntary arrangement with its creditors or becomes subject to an administration order or (being an individual or firm) becomes bankrupt or (being a company) goes into liquidation (otherwise than for the purposes of amalgamation or
reconstruction); or ii) an encumbrance takes possession, or a receiver is appointed, or any of the property or assets of the Hirer, or

iii) The Hirer ceases or threatens to cease; to carry on business; or

iv) Skipandwaste.com reasonably apprehends that any of the events mentioned above is about to occur in relation to the Hirer and notifies to the Hirer accordingly.

b) If this clause applies, then without prejudice to any other right or remedy available to Skipandwaste.com, Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to cancel the contract or suspend any further deliveries under the Contract without any liability to the Hirer, and if the Services have been provided but not paid for, the price shall become immediately due and payable, not withstanding any previous agreement or arrangement to the contrary.

27. Refund Policy

27.1 Application for refunds must be sent directly to Skipandwaste.com, in writing, addressed to the Customer Service Manager.

28. Cancellation Policy – Cancellation of Hire. If the hirer chooses to cancel the hire, the following charges will be levied:

More than 4 days’ notice – 10% of total hire charge

1-3 days’ notice – 50% of total hire charge

Less than 24 hours’ notice – 100% of total hire charge

Please note cancellation charges apply on all orders once instruction to deliver has been taken.

Additional Terms & Conditions for Domestic Private Hire

The hirer is responsible for ensuring the position for hire item(s) delivery has a clear access. Blocked access due to abandoned vehicles or materials resulting in failed delivery/collection will incur standing time and or an aborted delivery charge (known generally as a wasted journey fee). The Hirer is responsible for theft or damage to hire item(s) whilst on hire & until hire item(s) is removed by the hire item(s) owner.

Skipandwaste.com cannot accept any liability for any costs incurred through damage to the hirer’s driveway or other property whilst delivering or collecting the hire item(s) off the public highway.

The hire item(s) vehicle is invited off the highways onto private property at the hirer’s own risk, and is a separate arrangement to be confirmed with the Provider. Please note that we draw your attention to the fact that tarmac, block paved, and pattern-imprinted concrete driveways are at most risk.

The Hirer is also responsible for pointing out low lying cables, narrow entrance pillars, manhole covers, and any other potential risks or obstructions to Hire item(s) or the driver, prior to the hire item(s) delivery.
The local authority may require the lighting and coning of all on-road hire item(s) and, unless otherwise advised, it is necessary to obtain the necessary council consent with a road permit. Hirers should note that the fines for failure to light and cone a skip correctly vary according to the regulations set by the permit issuing authority. Hirers are advised to consult https://www.gov.uk/apply-skip-permit prior to completing the request of the hire item(s). Skipandwaste.com can assist in the facilitation of the provision of a valid permit. Please be advised that there will be an administration charge of £15 per permit/paperwork application.

In all cases delivery and collection times are given for guidance only and Skipandwaste.com accepts no liability for any costs incurred due to delays in delivery/collection; or failure to deliver on the preferred delivery date, or at the preferred time due to unforeseen circumstances. In all circumstances invoices exclude exceptional conditions such as force majeure.

In Addition to the above terms

1 INTERPRETATION

1.1 In these conditions the following words have the following meanings:
“Contract” means a contract which incorporates these conditions and made between the Customer and the Supplier for the hire of Hire Goods and/or the sale of Products;
“Customer” means the person, firm, company or other organisation hiring Hire Goods;
“Deposit” means any advance payment required by Skipandwaste.com in relation to the Hire Goods which is to be held as security by Skipandwaste.com;
“Force Majeure” means any event outside a party’s reasonable control including but not limited to acts of God, war, flood, fire, labour disputes, strikes, sub-contractors, lock-outs, riots, civil commotion, malicious damage, explosion, terrorism, governmental actions and any other similar events;
“Hire Goods” means any machine, article, tool, skip, ‘wheelie bin’ and/or device together with any accessories specified in a Contract, which are hired to the Customer;
“Hire Period” means the period commencing when the Customer holds the Hire Goods on hire (including Saturdays, Sundays and Bank Holidays) and ending upon the happening of any of the following events: the physical return of the Hire Goods by the Customer into the Provider’s possession; or the physical repossession or collection of Hire Goods by the Provider;
“Liability” means liability for any and all damages, claims, proceedings, actions, awards, expenses, costs and any other losses and/or liabilities;
“Products” means the products sold to the Customer by Skipandwaste.com; “Rental” means the Provider’s charging rate for the hire of the Hire Goods which is current from time to time during the Hire Period;
“Provider” means the appointed company arranged by Skipandwaste.com to fulfil the terms of the contract and will include its employees, servants, agents and/or duly authorised representatives;
“Services” means the services and/or work (if any) to be performed by Skipandwaste.com for the Customer in conjunction with the hire of Hire Goods including any delivery and/or collection service for the Hire Goods.

2 BASIS OF CONTRACT

2.1 Hire Goods are hired subject to them being available for hire to the Customer at the time required by the Customer. Skipandwaste.com will not be liable for any loss suffered by the Customer as a result of the Hire Goods being unavailable for hire where the Hire Goods are unavailable due to circumstances beyond Skipandwaste.com’s control.
2.2 Where hire of the Hire Goods is to a Customer who is an individual and the hire would be covered by the Consumer Credit Act 1974 the duration of the Hire Period shall not exceed 3 months, after which time the Contract shall be deemed to have automatically terminated.
2.3 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit any statutory rights of the Customer which may not be excluded or limited due to the Customer acting as a consumer. For further information about your statutory rights contact your local authority Trading Standards Department or Citizen’s Advice Bureau.

3 PAYMENT

3.1 The amount of any Deposit, Rental and/or charges for any Services shall be as quoted to the Customer or otherwise as shown in Skipandwaste.com’s online quotation service. Where a Deposit is required for the Hire Goods it must be paid in advance of the Customer hiring the Hire Goods. Skipandwaste.com may also require an initial payment on account of the Rental in advance of the Customer hiring the Hire Goods.
3.2 The Customer shall pay the Rental, charges for any Services, monies for any Products and/or any other sums payable under the contract to Skipandwaste.com at the time and in the manner agreed. Skipandwaste.com’s prices are, unless otherwise stated, exclusive of any applicable VAT for which the Customer shall additionally be liable.
3.3 Payments by the Customer on time under the Contract are an essential condition of the Contract. Payment shall not be deemed to be made until Skipandwaste.com has received either cash or cleared funds in respect of the full amount outstanding.
3.4 Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to withhold payment for any requested hire item, until the appropriate certification and paperwork has been received by Skipandwaste.com. This is usually, but not limited to, Waste Transfer Note, Certification of Waste type and accurate weight thereof.

4 RISK AND TITLE OWNERSHIP AND INSURANCE

4.1 Risk in the Hire Goods and any Products will pass immediately to the Customer when they leave the physical possession or control of the Provider. Title will not transfer to the Customer in any case.
4.2 Risk in the Hire Goods will not pass back to the Provider from the Customer until the Hire Goods are back in the physical possession of the Provider. This shall apply even if the Provider has agreed to cease charging the Rental.
4.3 Ownership of the Hire Goods remains at all times with the Provider. The Customer has no right, title or interest in the Hire Goods except that they are hired to the Customer.
4.4 The Customer must not deal with the ownership or any interest in the Hire Goods. This includes but is not limited to selling, assigning, mortgaging, pledging, charging, securing, hiring, withholding, exerting any right to withhold, disposing of and/or lending.
4.5 The Provider may provide reasonably priced insurance in respect of the Hire Goods at additional cost to the Rental. Alternatively the Provider may require the Customer to insure the Hire Goods on such reasonable terms and for such reasonable risks as the Provider may specify. The proceeds of any such insurance shall be held by the Customer in trust for the Provider and be paid to the Provider on demand. The Customer must not compromise any claim in respect of the Hire Goods and/or any associated insurance without the Provider’s written consent.

5 DELIVERY, COLLECTION AND SERVICES

5.1 It is the responsibility of the Customer to collect the Hire Goods from the Provider and return them to the Provider at the end of the Hire Period. If the Provider agrees to deliver or collect the Hire Goods to and/or from the Customer it will do so at its standard delivery cost and such delivery and/or collection will form part of the Services.
5.2 Where the Provider provides Services the persons performing the Services are servants of the Customer and once the Customer instructs such person they are under the direction and control of the Customer. The Customer shall be solely responsible for any instruction, guidance and/or advice given by the Customer to any such person and for any damage which occurs as a result of such persons following the Customer’s instructions, guidance and/or advice except to the extent that the persons performing the Services are negligent.
5.3 The Customer will allow and/or procure sufficient access to and from the relevant site and procure sufficient unloading space, facilities, equipment and access to power supplies and utilities for the Provider’s employees, subcontractors and/or agents to allow them to carry out the Services. The Customer will ensure that the site where the Services are to be performed is, where necessary, cleared and prepared before the Services are due to commence.
5.4 If any Services are delayed, postponed and/or are cancelled due to the Customer failing to comply with its obligations the Customer will be liable to pay the Provider’s additional standard charges from time to time for such delay, postponement and/or cancellation except where the Customer is acting as a consumer and the delay is due to a Force Majeure event.

6 CARE OF HIRE GOODS

6.1 The Customer shall:-
6.1.1 not remove any labels from and/or interfere with the Hire Goods, their working mechanisms or any other parts of them and take reasonable care of the Hire Goods and only use them for their proper purpose in a safe and correct manner in accordance with any operating and/or safety instructions provided or supplied to the Customer;
6.1.2 Notify the Provider immediately after any breakdown, loss and/or damage to the Hire Goods;
6.1.3 Take adequate and proper measures to protect the Hire Goods from theft, damage and/or other risks;
6.1.4 Notify the Provider of any change of its address and upon the Provider’s request provide details of the location of the Hire Goods;
6.1.5 Permit the Provider at all reasonable times to inspect the Hire Goods including procuring access to any property where the Hire Goods are situated;
6.1.6 keep the Hire Goods at all times in its possession and control and not to remove the Hire Goods from the United Kingdom without the prior written consent of the Provider;
6.1.7 be responsible for the conduct and cost of any testing, examinations and/or checks in relation to the Hire Goods required by any legislation, best practice and/or operating instructions except to the extent that the Provider has agreed to provide them as part of any Services;
6.1.8 Not do, or omit to do, anything which will, or may be deemed to, invalidate any policy of insurance related to the Hire Goods, which is notified to the Customer;
6.1.9 not continue to use Hire Goods where they have been damaged and will notify Skipandwaste.com and the Provider immediately if the Hire Goods are involved in an accident resulting in damage to the Hire Goods, other property and/or injury to any person; and
6.1.10 where the Hire Goods require fuel, oil and/or electricity ensure that the proper type and/or voltage is used and that, where appropriate, the Hire Goods are properly installed by a qualified and competent person.
6.2 The Hire Goods must be returned by the Customer in good working order and condition (fair wear and tear excepted) and in a clean condition together with all insurance policies, licences, registration and other documents relating to the Hire Goods.

7 BREAKDOWN

7.1 The Provider will at its own cost carry out all routine maintenance and repairs to the Hire Goods during the Hire Period and all repairs which are required due to fair wear and tear and/or an inherent fault in the Hire Goods. The Customer will be responsible for the cost of all repairs necessary to Hire Goods during the Hire Period which arise otherwise than as a result of fair wear and tear, an inherent fault and/or the negligence of the Supplier while carrying out routine maintenance and/or repairs.
7.2 The Customer must not repair or attempt to repair the Hire Goods unless authorised to do so in writing by Skipandwaste.com or the Provider.

8 LOSS OR DAMAGE TO THE HIRE GOODS

8.1 If the Hire Goods are returned in damaged, unclean and/or defective state except where due to fair wear and tear and/or an inherent fault in the Hire Goods the Customer shall be liable to pay the Provider for the cost of any repair and/or cleaning required to return the Hire Goods to a condition fit for re-hire and to pay the Rental, in accordance with the provisions of clause 8.3, until such repairs and/or cleaning have been completed.
8.2 The Customer will pay to the Provider the replacement cost of any Hire Goods which are lost, stolen and/or damaged beyond economic repair during the Hire Period less the amount paid to the Provider under any policy of insurance taken out in accordance with these conditions.
8.3 The Customer shall pay the Rental for the Hire Goods up to and including the date it notifies Skipandwaste.com that the Hire Goods have been lost, stolen and/or damaged beyond economic repair. From that date until Skipandwaste.com has replaced such Hire Goods the Customer shall pay, as a genuine pre-estimate of lost rental profit, a sum as liquidated damages being equal to two thirds of the Rental that would have applied for such Hire Goods for that period. Skipandwaste.com shall use its reasonable commercial endeavours to purchase replacements for such Hire Goods as quickly as possible using the monies paid under clause 8.2 above.

9 TERMINATION BY NOTICE

9.1 If the Hire Period has a fixed duration, subject to the provisions of Section 10 neither the Customer nor Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to terminate the Contract before the expiry of that fixed period unless agreed with the other party.
9.2 If the Hire Period does not have a fixed duration either of the Customer or Skipandwaste.com is entitled to terminate the Contract upon giving to the other party any agreed period of notice.
9.3 If no period of notice has been agreed or specified the Customer may terminate the Hire Period by the physical return of the Hire Goods to the Provider and Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to terminate the hire of the Hire Goods by giving not less than 14 days’ notice to the Customer.

10 DEFAULT

10.1 If the Customer:-
10.1.1 Fails to make any payment to Skipandwaste.com when due without just cause;
10.1.2 breaches the terms of the Contract and, where the breach is capable of remedy, has not remedied the breach within 14 days of receiving notice requiring the breach to be remedied;
10.1.3 Persistently breaches the terms of the Contract;
10.1.4 provides incomplete, materially inaccurate or misleading facts and/or information in connection with the Contract;
10.1.5 pledges, charges or creates any form of security over any Hire Goods, or ceases or threatens to cease to carry on business, or proposes to compound with its creditors, applies for an interim moratorium in respect of claims and/or proceedings, any distress, execution or other legal process is levied on any property of the Customer, has a Bankruptcy Petition presented against it or the Customer takes or suffers any similar action in any jurisdiction;
10.1.6 being a company, enters into voluntary or compulsory liquidation, has a receiver, administrator or administrative receiver appointed over all or any of its assets, any attachment order is made against the Customer, any distress, execution or other legal process is levied on any property of the Customer or the Customer takes or suffers any similar action in any jurisdiction;
10.1.7 appears reasonably to Skipandwaste.com due to the Customer’s credit rating to be financially inadequate to meet its obligations under the Contract; and/or
10.1.8 appears reasonably to Skipandwaste.com to be about to suffer any of the above events; then Skipandwaste.com shall have the right, without prejudice to any other remedies, to exercise any or all of the rights set out in clause 10.2 below.

10.2 If any of the events set out in clause 10.1 above occurs in relation to the
Customer then:-
10.2.1 Except where the Customer is acting as a consumer, Skipandwaste.com may enter, without prior notice, any premises of the Customer (or premises of third parties with their consent) where Hire Goods owned by Skipandwaste.com may be and repossess any Hire Goods;
10.2.2 Skipandwaste.com may withhold the performance of any Services and cease any Services in progress under this and/or any other Contract with the Customer;
10.2.3 Skipandwaste.com may immediately cancel, terminate and/or suspend without Liability to the Customer the Contract and/or any other contract with the Customer; and/or
10.2.4 All monies owed by the Customer to Skipandwaste.com shall immediately become due and payable.

10.3 Any repossession of the Hire Goods shall not affect Skipandwaste.com’s right to recover from the Customer any monies due under the Contract and/or any damages in respect of any breach which occurred prior to repossession of the Hire Goods.

10.4 Upon termination of the Contract the Customer shall immediately:
10.4.1 return the Hire Goods to Skipandwaste.com and/or Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider; or make the Hire Goods available for collection by Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider as requested by the Provider; and
10.4.2 Pay to Skipandwaste.com all arrears for Rentals, Charges for any Services, monies for any Products and/or any other sums payable under the Contract.

11 LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY

11.1 All warranties, representations, terms, conditions and duties implied by law relating to fitness, quality and/or adequacy are excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.
11.2 If Skipandwaste.com is found to be liable in respect of any loss or damage to the Customer’s property the extent of Skipandwaste.com’s Liability will be limited to the retail cost of replacement of the damaged property.
11.3 Any defective Hire Goods must be returned to Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider for inspection if requested by Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider, before Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider will have any Liability for defective Hire Goods.
11.4 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer if, without just cause, any monies due in respect of the Hire Goods and/or the Services has not been paid in full by the due date for payment.
11.5 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability for additional damage, loss, liability, claims, costs or expenses caused, or contributed to, by the Customer’s continued use of defective Hire Goods and/or Services after a defect has become apparent, or suspected, or should reasonably have become apparent to the Customer.
11.6 The Customer shall give Skipandwaste.com a reasonable opportunity to remedy any matter for which Skipandwaste.com is liable, before the Customer incurs any costs and/or expenses in remedying the matter itself. If the Customer does not do so Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer in this regard.
11.7 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer to the extent that the Customer is covered by any policy of insurance arranged as a result of the Contract and the Customer shall ensure that the Customer’s insurers waive any and all rights of subrogation they may have against Skipandwaste.com.
11.8 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer for any:-
11.8.1 Consequential losses (including loss of profits and/or damage to goodwill and/or reputation);
11.8.2 Economic and/or other similar losses;
11.8.3 Special damages and indirect losses; and/or
11.8.4 Business interruption, loss of business, contracts and/or opportunity.

11.9 Skipandwaste.com’s total Liability to the Customer under and/or arising in relation to any Contract shall not exceed 5 times the amount of the Rental and charges for Services (if any) under that Contract or the sum of £1,000 whichever is the higher. To the extent that any Liability of Skipandwaste.com to the Customer would be met by any insurance of Skipandwaste.com, then the Liability of Skipandwaste.com shall be extended to the extent that such Liability is met by such insurance.

11.10 Each of the limitations and/or exclusions in this Contract shall be deemed to be repeated and apply as a separate provision for each of:
11.10.1 Liability for breach of contract;
11.10.2 Liability in tort (including negligence); and
11.10.3 Liability for breach of statutory and/or common law duty; except clause 11.9 above, which shall apply once only in respect of all the said types of Liability.

11.11 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit the Liability of Skipandwaste.com for death or personal injury due to Skipandwaste.com’s negligence, nor exclude or limit any other type of Liability which it is not permitted to exclude or limit as a matter of law.

12 GENERAL

12.1 Upon termination of the Contract the provisions of clauses 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and Section 6 shall continue in full force and effect.

12.2 Each hire of an item of Hire Goods shall form a distinct Contract which shall be separate to any other Contract relating to other Hire Goods.

12.3 The Customer shall be liable for the acts and/or omissions of its employees, agents, servants and/or subcontractors as though they were its own acts and/or omissions under this Contract.

12.4 The Customer agrees to indemnify and keep indemnified Skipandwaste.com against any and all losses, lost profits, damages, claims, costs (including legal costs on a full indemnity basis), actions and any other losses and/or liabilities suffered by the Supplier and arising from or due to any breach of contract, any tortuous act and/or omission and/or any breach of statutory duty by the Customer.

12.5 No waiver by Skipandwaste.com of any breach of this Contract shall be considered as a waiver of any subsequent breach of the same provision, or any other provision. If any provision is held by any relevant competent authority to be part of the validity of the other provisions of this Contract and the remainder of the affected provision shall be unaffected and shall remain in full force and effect.

12.6 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer for any delay and/or non-performance of a Contract to the extent that such delay is due to any Force Majeure events. If Skipandwaste.com is affected by any such event then time for performance shall be extended for a period equal to the period that such event or events delayed such performance.

12.7 All third party rights are excluded and no third parties shall have any rights to enforce the Contract.

This shall not apply to any finance company with whom Skipandwaste.com has an outstanding finance agreement relating to the Hire Goods. Such finance company shall, subject to Skipandwaste.com’s consent, have the right to enforce this Contract as if they were the Supplier. This Contract is governed by and interpreted in accordance with English law and the parties agree to submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts.

13 ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS

13.1 Skipandwaste.com may insert and present for payment any balance due and unpaid where the Customer has signed a blank or nil value debit or credit card voucher. The Supplier may also process interim payments by credit or debit card at any stage of the Contract.