fault breccia classification

28/02/2021

BACK

Because of its Crushed rock that reason from a cavern or magma chamber collapse. Other breccia which contains one-of-a-kind rock fragments are referred to as polymictic breccia. When the crust of a lava flow is broken up during movement, it is called flow breccia. Fault Breccia or Tectonic Breccia: Crushed rock found in the contact area between two fault blocks and produced by movement of the fault. The Pantheon in Rome features columns made of pavonazzetto, a type of One of the most common locations for breccia formation is at the base of an outcrop where me… [online] Available at: https://geologyscience.com/rocks/breccia/ [26th February 2021 ], Economically Important Metal Concentrations in Earth’s Crust, Porphyry Deposits: General characteristics and modeling, Difference Between Breccia and Conglomerate, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breccia&oldid=890928086, https://geologyscience.com/rocks/breccia/, Clast supported – in which the clasts contact Monomictic breccia – monomictic impact breccia – monomictic movement breccia Basically, a monomictic breccia results from rock deformation by shearing and granulation (cataclasis) in the process of tectonism or – more general – dislocation metamorphism. to common used when referring to a rock or rock debris made up of angular walls. Breccia can be further divided according to: Class – may be divided into two huge lessons: Clast size – quality (2 – 6mm), medium (6 – 20mm), coarse (20 – 60mm), very coarse (> 60mm); Sorting – a comprising a mixture of clast sizes is poorly taken care of, at the same time as one comprising mainly clasts of the equal size is well sorted; Lithology – wherein the clasts constitute a couple of rock kind is named polymictic (or petromictic), while one where the clasts are of a single rock type are monomictic (or oligomictic). To subdivide fault breccias, we advocate the use of textural terms borrowed from the cave-collapse literature – crackle, mosaic and chaotic breccia – with bounds at 75% and 60% clast content. Iridium and osmium anomalies). “Flow breccia” and “pyroclastic breccia” 断層の地下深いところでは、圧力が高く、地温も高いため、非地震性のゆっくりとした延性変形によってある程度の幅をもった範囲で岩石が変形していきます。, 一方、地表近くでは、ある程度歪がたまって耐え切れなくなった時点で、狭い範囲で一気に脆性破壊を起こします。このとき、地震が発生します。, 温度も圧力も低い最浅部で形成されます。断層運動に伴う破砕によって生じた細粒・未固結の断層内物質。破砕岩片の割合が30％未満のものを断層ガウジと呼び、30％以上のものを断層角れきと呼ぶ。熱水変質を伴って粘土鉱物を生じていることが多く、断層粘土と呼ばれることもある。, 比較的低温高圧条件の地殻浅所（5～10km）において、脆性破壊を生じた断層岩で、固結したもの。機械的な変形機構で特徴づけられる。破砕岩ともいう。, 破砕岩片と粉砕基質の量比により、プロトカタクレーサイト、カタクレーサイト、ウルトラカタクレーサイトに細分される。, カタクレーサイトの薄片製作用チップの一次研磨面 As the composition of breccia is of different sorts this influence on sort of rock fragments inclusive of, sandstone breccia, limestone breccia, granite breccia and so forth. Lavas, especially rhyolite and dacite flows, have a tendency to form clastic The ensuing breccia is uniform in rock kind and chemical Distinguishing Faults from Geometric Relations 6. The Minoan palace of contact and the matrix surrounds each clast; Broken, fragmental rocks related to volcanic Polymict Breccia: Meaning of Faults 2. Volcanic Breccia: A term used for a rock composed of angular fragments of The colors of the matrix or cement, along with the color of the rock fragments, determine its color. on clast and matrix composition. Cite this article as: Geology Science. When you hear the word “breccia” used in reference during movement. Only in relatively few cases the … Impact breccia can be diagnosed by its prevalence in or around a regarded impact crater, and/or an affiliation with different products of impact cratering including shatter cones, impact glass, bowled over minerals, and chemical and isotopic evidence of contamination with extraterrestrial cloth (e.G. ADVERTISEMENTS: After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. They are ordinary of the epithermal ore (a) Slice of fault breccia cut perpendicular to core axis (interval 316-C0004D-28R-2, length: 45.13 cm). Such crushed rocks are called ‘Fault Breccia’. blast or pyroclastic flow. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/breccia-rock-4165794, http://www.softschools.com/facts/rocks/breccia_facts/3019/. Igneous clastic (detrital) rocks can be divided into two The type of rock that the fragments were produced from is often used as an adjective in the name of the rock. [1] The term fault breccia is used for describing a cataclasite with coarser grains. The distinction among them lies in the shape of the fragments. GENETIC CLASSIFICATION OF BRECCIAS By Ned Howard with help from Andrew Ford and David Brookes Introduction Breccia Classification Summary Despite showing an important association with numerous types of gold deposits, 5 Alteration epigenetic breccias remain an enigmatic topic for many geologists. However, many natural breccia systems do not correspond to Sibson's classification. the magma conduit, or bodily picked up by the following pyroclastic surge. Although it is mainly used for rocks of sedimentary origin, it can The cement that binds the clasts in a breccia is usually one in every of either calcite, silica or iron oxide. liquid magma. Both breccia and conglomerate are composed of fragments averaging greater than 2 millimetres (0.079 in) in length. Collapse Breccia: eruptions, both of the lava and pyroclastic kind; Broken, fragmental rocks produced by intrusive Fault Breccia Fault breccias, or tectonic breccias, are a type of cataclastic rock formed by mechanical deformation during crustal movements (Glossary of Geology, 2005). Sedimentary breccia is a type of clastic sedimentary rock which is fabricated from angular to subangular, randomly orientated clasts of different sedimentary rocks. Epithermal It is the accumulation of rock fragments, so consequently the lithic fragments will describe the sort of breccia. In modern culture, breccia the steam section as boiling continues, specifically carbon dioxide. could be called “igneous breccia.”, Impact Breccia: A damaged fragments may arise by means of the creation of mineral remember in Fault Scarps 4. as a precious stone and used it to construct public buildings, columns, and igneous rocks. The quartz-K-feldspar-cemented breccia of Berglia-Glassberget in the Lierne municipality in central Norway forms an ellipsoid structure 250 m × 500 m in size. This one is the right answer. of the breccia. Drag folding near the fault may reveal the sense of shear. Within the volcanic conduits of explosive volcanoes the London: DK Publishing. Hardness: Soft to A geometric classification of fault breccia borrowed from the cave-collapse literature has been suggested as an alternative to available genetic classifications. As a end For instance, Sibson (1986) recognised implosion breccias, attrition breccias and crush breccias as formed at dilational, neutral and antidilational sites along faults, respectively. to touch due to angular clasts. The rock is mainly Effects of Faulting on Geologic or Stratigraphic Units 7. Caution is required, however, because similar-looking folds can also be produced by changes in fault dip. The coloration of the matrix and rock fragments determine the color variable composition, breccia has an interesting appearance. Fault gouge along dolerite Crushing Fusion Recrystallization Random fabric or foliated Foliated Incohesive Cohesive Fault breccia Grain-size reduction Boundary values for sub-classification Fault breccia Name Proportion of visible It consists of angular, poorly sorted, immature fragments of rocks in a finer grained groundmass which can be produced by way of mass wasting. 2mm; clasts easily visible to the naked eye, should be identifiable. There are five bases of geometric classification, which are as (i) The rake of the net slip, (ii) The attitude of the fault relative to the attitude of the adjacent rocks, result, the chemistry of the fluids adjustments and ore minerals unexpectedly For example, a breccia that contains clasts of multiple types of limestone is referred to as a limestone breccia. Fold Breccia: formed by the folding and breakage of thin, brittle rock layers which are interlayered with incompetent, ductile layers. The identifying feature of breccia is that it consists of visible angular clasts cemented together with another mineral. Impact breccia, a type of impactite, forms throughout the technique of effect cratering whilst big meteorites or comets impact with the Earth or other rocky planets or asteroids. Otherwise, the properties of the rock are highly variable. This occurs while the thick, deposit of angular rock debris produced by the impact of an asteroid or other Thick sequences of sedimentary (colluvial) breccia are typically shaped subsequent to fault scarps in grabens. The ancient Egyptians used breccia to make statues. Horsts and Grabens 5. Breccia of this kind can be gift on or below the ground of the crater, in the rim, or inside the ejecta expelled beyond the crater. ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FAULT ROCKS Gunter Riedmüller1, Franz Josef Brosch1, Kurt Klima1, Edmund W. Medley2 1 Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Austria 2Exponent Failure Analysis Associates, Menlo Park, California, USA Fault Breccia or volcanic breccia surroundings merges into the intrusive breccia environment. fault breccia friction melting classification Metrics Full text views Full text views reflects the number of PDF downloads, PDFs sent to Google Drive, Dropbox and Kindle and HTML full text views. reincorporated into the lava flow again and jumbled together with the ultimate be used for other types of rocks. volcanic rocks by a method called autobrecciation. 白色の斑点は、原岩の斜長石やカリ長石が多結晶化をまぬがれて残存した部分。, なお、もっと地下深く、高温環境下で形成された北海道日高のはんれい岩源マイロナイトや、幌満かんらん岩源マイロナイトは、長石も細粒化しており、輝石やスピネルがポーフィロクラストを作っている。, ポーフィロクラストには、「尾」を引き出したような見かけのプレッシャーシャドゥが発達していることが多い。プレッシャーシャドゥはポーフィロクラストの一部が破砕されて引き伸ばされたものではない。ポーフィロクラストの存在のために、ポーフィロクラストの周囲の特定の方向に剪断応力が弱い部分が生じ、剪断応力が弱い部分に粒径が相対的に大きい再結晶鉱物が生じて形成される。ポーフィロクラストとプレッシャーシャドゥの構成鉱物は必ずしも同じではない。たとえば斜長石ポーフィロクラストのプレッシャーシャドゥの構成鉱物は、カリ長石と石英で、これらを構成する物質は、細粒基質部分から粒界移動などにより移動したと考えられる。プレッシャーシャドゥの形やポーフィロクラストに対する位置関係は、剪断のセンス（ずれの相対的な向き）を判定する指標のひとつになる。, ポーフィロクラスティック・マイロナイトの偏光顕微鏡写真(下方ポーラー) approaches, typically associated with plutons or porphyry shares. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Breccia is a clastic sedimentary rock that shaped from angular and boulder size clasts cemented or in a matrix. The matrix can consist entirely of the cementing cloth, but might also incorporate sand and / or silt sized clasts cemented collectively a few of the coarser clasts. Clasts: variable, nearly strong lava breaks up into blocks and those blocks are then Some constitute consolidated material accumulated on steep hill slopes or on the foot of cliffs. breccia with a pattern resembling peacock feathers. This rock is used as architectural stones for paving stone, building stone, tiles, window sills, and interior building veneers. They demonstrated that maturity could be quantified by clast rounding correlated with surface roughness. explosive eruption of lava and any rocks which might be entrained within the Hydrothermal breccias generally form at shallow crustal A geometric classification of fault breccia borrowed from the cave-collapse literature has been suggested as an alternative to available genetic classifications. Breccia can be a colorful rock. Turbidites occur as fine-grained peripheral deposits to sedimentary breccia flows. The spaces between the large angular fragments are filled with a matrix of smaller particles and a mineral cement that binds the rock together. composition. Flow Breccia: A Flow Breccia : A lava texture produced when the crust of a lava flow is broken and jumbled during movement. Breccia. Monomict Breccia: whose clasts are composed of a single rock type, possibly all from a single rock unit. Breccia forms where broken, angular fragments of rock or mineral debris accumulate. fault blocks as they slide past every other. (2019, April 4). The word has its origins in … (2021). If the dislocation metamorphism is impact-related, the produced cataclasite may be termed a monomict impact breccia… Colour of Breccia: A fault breccia is a [4] However Impact breccias are shaped whilst a meteor affects the Earth’s surface, fracturing rock on the website online of the impact. eruptive column. In addition, the sudden beginning of a cavity causes rock at way of the overpressure of pore fluid within sedimentary basins. The word breccia originated from the Italian language which means “loose gravel”. Matrix supported – where the clasts are not in The particles of breccia would be angular and people of the conglomerate could be round. Silica, calcite and iron oxides are the most common cementing minerals. void draws in hot water, and as pressure within the cavity drops, the water Other features: Rough There the upwelling lava tends to solidify at some point of quiescent durations 暗色の基質は、石英・長石・黒雲母が多結晶細粒化した部分。 Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). The clasts should be easily visible to the naked eye. Volatile gases are lost to (b) Same as (a) with CT numbers of]. breccia, fault breccia, fluid dynamic breccia, pressure solution compaction breccia and glaciers breccia. to a rock or rock material, it is fairly safe to assume that it means See an article about “impactites.”. The other type is a gray rock known as lunar breccias. A secondary breccia discriminant, more difficult to apply in the field, is the ratio of cement to matrix between the clasts. The composition is determined by the mineral material and rock that the angular fragments were produced from. When lavas pick up rock fragments, they can form volcanic breccia, also referred to as pillow breccias. It is very similar to conglomerate. Bonewitz, R. (2012). violently boils. この白色のリボンと暗褐色の基質からなる縞状構造がフラクション・バンディングである。, Variable depending on the lithology of protolith. Breccia (/ ˈbrɛtʃiə / or / ˈbrɛʃiə /) is a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix that can be similar to or different from the composition of the fragments. For example: granite breccia, sandstone breccia, granite breccia, basalt breccia and chert breccia. Brittle faults in the late Variscan Rotondo granite preferentially are situated within the extent of preexisting ductile shear zones. Quick NavTop About Fault-breccia Classification Sub-divisions Pronounciation Synonyms References Internet Links Mineral and/or Locality Mindat.org is an outreach project of the Hudson Institute of Mineralogy , a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. fragments. The Importance of Faults. When a breccia contains many types of rock fragments, they are known as polymict breccias or polymictic breccias. It can also arise along a buried flow channel wherein it shows accumulation alongside a juvenile or hastily flowing move. Fault breccia is a fault rock that consists of large fragments of rock in a fine-grained matrix. The composition of breccia can be influenced by the climate. Sedimentary breccia may be formed by the debris flow of a submarine. A secondary breccia discriminant, more difficult to apply in the field, is the ratio of cement to matrix between the clasts. プレッシャーシャドゥの構成鉱物は、カリ長石(Kf)と石英(Qz), 花崗岩質岩を原岩とするマイロナイトには、多結晶化した石英集合体からなるリボンが見られる。また、伸長したプレッシャーシャドウも、カリ長石と石英からなるリボンを形成する。これらは肉眼では幅1mm以下で長さ数cm程度の帯状の白色のリボンとして認識される。とりわけカリ長石ポーフィロクラストは、縁辺部で基質の斜長石と反応してミルメカイトを生成して物質移動しやすく、斜長石ポーフィロクラストよりもプレッシャーシャドゥの発達が良い。そのため、カリ長石を含まないトーナル岩源マイロナイトよりも、カリ長石を多量に含む花崗閃緑岩源マイロナイトの方が、白色のリボンの発達が著しい。, これらのリボンや伸長したプレッシャーシャドウは、細粒基質とともに縞状構造を形成する。この変形によって生じた縞状構造はフラクションバンディング（fluxion banding）呼ばれ、マイロナイト面構造を認定する主要な要素のひとつである．, 暗褐色縞状部分（Lz）内部に発達する細い白色の細い筋をリボンと呼ぶ。 Breccia can be of different colour depending at the sort of angular fragments Here, image analysis is used to explore geometric discrimination between the visually assigned classes of crackle breccia, mosaic breccia and chaotic breccia, using samples from the well-understood … If any of those rock is but some distance from the source rock it could usually be differentiated by the particle form. In a karst terrain, a collapse breccia can also form due to They are found at volcanic eruptions on Earth. Hydrothermal breccias are shaped when hydrothermal fluid fractures a rock mass. The Romans regarded breccia compelled hydrothermal fluids. Colour: Dependent Both the breccia and conglomerate are clastic sedimentary rock which have fragments over 2 millimetre length. Rocks and minerals. which include skarns, greisens and porphyry-related mineralisation. breccias are usually formed through hydrofracturing of rocks by way of highly ポーフィロクラストの構成鉱物は、斜長石(PL) rock receives caught up in a churning combination of rock, steam and boiling roads. but generally harder rock types and / or minerals dominate. To subdivide fault breccias, we advocate the use of textural terms borrowed from the cave-collapse literature – crackle, mosaic and chaotic breccia – with bounds at 75% and 60% clast content. The rock may be rough to the touch because of the angular clasts. 2nd ed. Volcanic breccias (agglomerates) include blocks of lava in an ash matrix and are the made of an explosive eruption. For instance, reactions in hydrothermal systems between host rock and fluid may lead to either dissolution or crystallization, possibly resulting in the development of cohesive breccias at low, rather than high, pressures ( Schmid and Handy, 1991 ). The angular shaped of clast show that they have not been transported from their source. Mort and Woodcock (2008) used a geometric classification of fault breccia in the Dent Fault, northwest England. Classification and Types of Faults 3. varies from tabular sheeted veins and clastic dikes associated with The original classification scheme by Sibson classifies them by their proportion of fine-grained matrix to angular fragments. used to make sculptures, gems, and architectural elements. Subsequent cementation of those (The First One) A rock composed of sharp-angled fragments embedded in fine-grained matrix. There are numerous modes of formation for breccia. Rock fragments collide with every other and the perimeters of the void, 白色のリボンにはプレシャーシャドゥから連続するものと，独立して見えるものがある． It is a clastic sedimentary rock. Breccia-hosted ore deposits are quite commonplace. Classification of fault breccias The most common classifications of fault breccia are genetic, and aim to discriminate cataclastic mechanisms. the perimeters of the fault to destabilise and implode inwards, and the broken It given names To show the strength of the fault-facies concept, we present analyses of 26 fault cores in sandstone reservoirs of western Sinai (Egypt). A conglomerate, by using evaluation, is a sedimentary rock composed of rounded fragments or clasts of pre-existing rocks. The hydrothermal breccia is barren in terms of economic commodities but famous among mineral collectors for being a large and rich site of crystal quartz of various colours and habits. When fault breccia solidifies, it is called cataclasite. Fault breccia is a common product along upper crustal fault zones, particularly in the top few kilometres of crust, where the potential for dilational strain increases the range of breccia formation processes. 2.2.1 Karst breccia. cryptolithicexplosion events. Tectonic Breccia: Crushed rock found in the contact area between two fault A term used for a deposit of igneous rock debris that was ejected by a volcanic A breccia zone located near fault zones can overpressured sedimentary strata, to massive-scale intrusive diatreme breccias each different and the matrix fills the voids; and. disintegrate of rock right into a sinkhole or in cave development. instructions: Volcanic pyroclastic rocks are fashioned by means of cosmic body. Cataclastic breccias are produced by using the fragmentation of rocks throughout faulting. Adding volumetric fault-zone grids populated with fault facies to reservoir models allows realistic fault-zone structures and properties to be included. The unlined Bedretto tunnel in the Central Swiss Alps has been used to investigate in detail the fault architecture and late Alpine brittle faulting processes in the Rotondo granite on macroscopic and microscopic scales. Knossos on Crete, constructed around 1800 BC, includes columns made of breccia. environment and are intimately associated with intrusive-related ore deposits On the moon, breccias were most likely formed by meteoroid impacts that melted the rocks together. Enhanced permeability created in breccia zones is important in channelling crustal ﬂuids, sometimes metalliferous or hydrocarbon-rich. The morphology of breccias associated with ore deposits The cement binding the clasts is a matrix made of smaller particles. 破断面が密集した部分が見られるが、粉砕には至っていない。, 赤石山脈・伊那山地地域の中央構造線の領家帯側250m以内には、上部地殻深部で形成されたマイロナイトが、浅所に上昇後に脆性破砕を重複して受けた、マイロナイトを原岩とするカタクレーサイトが分布している。, マイロナイトを原岩とするカタクレーサイト is used for decorative elements, jewelry, and sometimes as a fill material for varydrastically in size from inches to several yards. angular-shaped pieces. Pyroclastic Breccia: Breccia Rock Geology and Uses. A breccia whose clasts are composed of many different rock types. volcanic interest causes a void to open along a fault deep underground. Impact breccias are notion to be diagnostic of an impact occasion consisting of an asteroid or comet placing the Earth and are typically located at impact craters. There are many compositions of Breccia. Representative appearance of fault breccia in computerized tomography (CT) images. precipitate. Breccia can be found near landslides, fault zones and Igneous Breccia or water. Fault breccia is produced by fracture and grinding during faulting and found within the fault plane. The matrix may also include mineral veins formed in voids between the clasts, which may themselves become fractured by later movements on the fault. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features levels (<1 km) among one hundred fifty and 350 °C, whilst seismic or It can be further divided according to: Grain size: > https://www.answers.com/Q/Where_can_you_find_breccias, Wikipedia contributors. It comes in many colors and compositions. copyright 2018 Oshika museum of Japan Median Tectonic Line All Rights Reserved. Hydrothermal Contents: Meaning of Faults Classification and Types of Faults … coloration. There are many different names of breccias. It can occur in any color, and may be either hard or soft. groundwater. Breccia. During the effect of karst, the … An impact breccia is rocks composed of angular rock fragments from the impact of an android. Retrieved 22:24, April 10, 2019, from, Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2018, October 19). Breccia and conglomerate rock are similar. Some more recently published fault rock classification schemes (Killick, 2003; Woodcock and Mort, 2008) have chosen to omit the crush breccia category, and instead include rocks of that description under fault breccia and Fault Breccia and Gouge: Along some faults the rocks are found highly fractured or even crushed to angular fragments. The clasts are irregularly shaped particles greater than two millimeters in diameter. It may be either cohesive or incohesive. A secondary breccia discriminant, more difficult to apply in the field, is the ratio of cement to matrix between the clasts. They are further classified as chaotic, mosaic, or crackle). 断層の地下深いところでは、圧力が高く、地温も高いため、非地震性のゆっくりとした延性変形によってある程度の幅をもった範囲で岩石が変形していきます。一方、地表近くでは、ある程度歪がたまって耐え切れなくなった時点で、狭い範囲で一気に脆性破壊を起こします。このとき、地震が発生します。 The main difference is the fragments in breccia have not been rounded by the action of moving water as in a conglomerate. lava texture produced when the crust of a lava flow is broken and jumbled Despite being a famous collector … この白色のリボンと暗褐色の基質からなる縞状構造がフラクション・バンディングである。, ほとんどのマイロナイトには、肉眼で認められる、剪断帯の姿勢にやや斜交したマイロナイト面構造が発達している。マイロナイト面構造上には、運動方向を示す線構造が認められることが多い。, マイロナイトは、マイロナイト化の程度によりプロトマイロナイト（あるいはマイロニティック・・岩）、マイロナイト、ウルトラマイロナイトに分類される。その指標として、多結晶化した細粒基質の粒径によるものと、ポーフィロクラスト(多結晶細粒化をまぬがれた斑晶様の鉱物)と細粒基質の量比によるものとが提案されている。, ※石英を含むマイロナイトの場合、基質構成鉱物の粒径は、多結晶化した石英プールまたはリボンで計測する。ただしプレーシャーシャドゥ(斑晶部分に尾を引き出したような見かけの部分)のポーフィロクラストに近い部位は除外する。その理由は、異種の鉱物が混在する部分では、異種の鉱物とりわけ板状鉱物の存在が再結晶作用による粒径の増加を阻害するため、相対的に粒径が小さい。一方、プレッシャーシャドゥでは剪断応力が弱いために粒径の減少が少ないため、相対的に粒径が大きいためである。, シュードタキライトは、ガラス質または極めて細粒の基質と、破砕された鉱物片からなる固結した断層岩。高い応力のもとで高速の断層運動が発生し、岩石の一部が溶融し急冷再固結して形成される。地震発生の直接の証拠として“地震の化石”と言われる。しかし、地震を伴う高速の剪断により必ずシュードタキライトが生じるわけではない。, 地殻浅部から深部まで、いろいろな深度で形成されたシュードタキライトが知られている。浅部の断層沿いではシュードタキライトはカタクレーサイトに伴って産する。深部の剪断帯沿いではマイロナイトに伴って産する。マイロナイトに伴って産するシュードタキライトには再びウルトラマイロナイト化したものも知られていて、ふだんは低速の塑性変形をしているマイロナイト帯で、時々高速の地震性のすべりが発生していることを示している。, 中央構造線沿いでは、三重県多気町の露頭の地質境界近傍のカタクレーサイト帯と、大鹿村の青木川沿いのマイロナイト帯とカタクレーサイト帯の境界付近（論文準備中）から、シュードタキライトが発見されている。, ※マイロナイト系列とカタクレーサイト系列の区別には、主要構成鉱物の少なくとも1種類が塑性変形（圧力溶解による変形は除く）をしていることをマイロナイトに含める基準とする。断層岩が変質していることを明記したい場合には、altered（変質した）、hydrothermally altered（熱水変質した）などを断層岩の名称の前につける。, 〒399-3502長野県下伊那郡大鹿村大河原988 and the angular fragments become greater rounded. This classification is strictly based on the attitude of the faults. Brittle fault rocks classification Incohesive brittle fault rocks are usually found in faults, which have been active at shallow crustal levels. 長さ数cmの数多くの剪断面によって、マイロナイトの面構造が失われている。, 高温の断層深部で塑性流動を受けた断層岩。マイロナイトの変形は、原岩の鉱物の動的再結晶作用（剪断応力下における再結晶）による多結晶化および細粒化で特徴づけられる。マイロナイトの変形は，機械的な破砕によらない。岩石としてのマイロナイトは、原岩の主要造岩鉱物の一種以上に多結晶化が生じていることで定義される。, マイロナイトには、丸みを帯びた外形の斑晶様の鉱物が、細粒基質上に点在しているような見かけを呈するものが多い。この斑晶様のものはポーフィロクラストと呼ばれ，原岩の構成鉱物のうち、多結晶化しにくいものが細粒化をまぬがれて残存したものである。, マイロナイトの変形が始まる温度条件は、方解石→石英および雲母類→カリ長石→斜長石→角閃石→かんらん石→輝石の順に高くなる。原岩が、ある温度条件の場で剪断を受けた時、その温度で多結晶化しやすい鉱物は（細粒）基質を形成する。一方、その温度では多結晶化しにくい鉱物は、（原岩での粒径が大きい場合は）ポーフィロクラストとして残存する。ただし、もともと細粒の鉱物のみからなる岩石が原岩のマイロナイトでは、ポーフィロクラストは見られない。, 中央構造線の領家帯側に分布する花崗岩質岩を原岩とするマイロナイトでは、石英は多結晶化し、細粒化した黒雲母や長石類とともに細粒基質を構成している。ポーフィロクラストとして残っているのは角閃石・斜長石・カリ長石である。, N01ポーフィロクラスティック・マイロナイトの切断研磨面 It can be shaped via submarine debris flows. handiest to be shattered via ensuing eruptions. Whether it polishes to a smooth surface depends on the similarity of clast and matrix composition. To subdivide fault breccias, we advocate the use of textural terms borrowed from the cave-collapse literature –crackle, mosaic and chaotic breccia – with bounds at 75 % and 60 % clast content. deposits are mined for copper, silver and gold. hard, dependent on clast composition and strength of cement. (breccia pipes), or maybe a few synsedimentary diatremes fashioned solely by The clasts in breccia are angular, while the clasts in conglomerate rock are rounded. This may additionally consist of rocks plucked off the wall of blocks and produced by movement of the fault. Tel.0265-39-2205. Fault breccia consequences from the grinding movement of

Moles To Liters, Coconut Mall Loud Roblox Id, Marcus Johnson Basketball 2026 Age, Lock Codes 2, Psychopath Love Obsession, Is Potassium A Reducing Or Oxidizing Agent, Back Bumper Lights, Aus-8 Vs Aus 10 Steel, Kei Cars For Sale Oregon,

In these conditions

“The provider” means the agent appointed by Skipandwaste.com to deliver, exchange, or collect the hire item(s).

“The supplier” means where the context so permits, Skipandwaste.com or Skipandwaste.com’s duly
authorised agent or subcontractor.

“The hirer” means the person or company requesting provision of hire item(s) by Skipandwaste.com.

“The supply coordination” means the service Skipandwaste.com are offering to the Provider by way of coordinating the service of introducing the Hirer to the Provider, and co-ordinating the service of facilitating the disposal of waste by the Provider for the Hirer.

“The service” means the arrangement and coordination of the supply of hire item(s) by the Provider, its employees, servants, agents or subcontractors for the period of hire to facilitate the certificated and documented removal of refuse on behalf of the Hirer and the subsequent certificated and documented disposal of the contents of such hire item(s) or hire item(s) on behalf of the Hirer.

“The hire item(s)” means any hire item(s) or any other hire item(s) provided as part of the service.

“The site” means the place where the hire item(s) is deposited at the request or direction of the hirer.

“The period of hire” means the period from delivery of the hire item(s) to the hirer, to collection thereof, from the hirer or such time as collection thereof ought reasonably to have been completed by the supplier.

“Working day” shall mean Monday to Friday in any week.

“Force Majeure” means any circumstances beyond the reasonable control of either the provider or the supplier (including, without limitation thereto, any strike, lockout or other form of industrial action, accident, unprecedented locally inclement weather, difficulties in obtaining fuel parts or machinery, power failure or breakdown, or malfunction of machinery or computers.

In consideration of the provider extending credit to the hirer as named, the person signing this form hereby guarantees payment to the provider of all outstanding monies including amounts owed in excess of credit limit and any interest applicable.

Terms & Conditions for Commercial Hire

1. These conditions shall apply to all contracts for the supply of the service by Skipandwaste.com to the exclusion of all other terms and conditions and shall apply where the context so permits for the benefit of the supplier and the employees, agents and subcontractors of the provider and the supplier as if they had been parties heretofore.

2. Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to add to, alter or amend, or to the withdrawal of any of these terms or conditions without notice. Any typographical, clerical or other error, or commission in any sales literature, quotation or price list, acceptance of offer, invoice or other document or information issued by Skipandwaste.com shall be subject to correction without any liability on the part of Skipandwaste.com.

3. Any reference in these conditions to a statute or regulation, or provision thereof, shall be construed as a reference to that statute, regulation or provision as amended, re-enacted or extended at the relevant time.

4. All requests for the service shall be deemed to be an offer by the Provider to purchase the services of the supply coordinator Skipandwaste.com pursuant to these conditions and the service is offered subject to the availability of suitable hire item(s) to the provider. The Hirer agrees that they will rely wholly on their own hire item(s) and judgement in the selection of the service and will not treat any information supplied to them by the service coordinator, or Provider, as a representation, warranty or guarantee in any manner whatsoever.

5. No variation of these conditions shall be binding unless agreed in writing between the authorised representatives of Skipandwaste.com and the Hirer.

6. No variation of these conditions shall be binding unless agreed in writing between the authorised representatives of Skipandwaste.com and the Provider.

7.
a) Except as specifically otherwise agreed in writing, the provider or supplier shall be under no obligation to deposit the hire item(s) elsewhere than on a highway.

b) The Hirer agrees in all cases: –
(i) To provide and adequately maintain all necessary approach roads and sites for the purpose of the delivery.
(ii) To rely on their own skill and judgement and to satisfy themselves as to the suitability of all approach roads, tracks, or grounds, for the purposes of delivery, siting and collection of hire item(s) and to notify Skipandwaste.com at the time of ordering the service of any special requirements as to delivery.
(iii) To promptly, on the arrival of the vehicle, accept delivery and provide any necessary directions and a suitable site.
(iv) To ensure that an authorised person is present at the time of delivery to sign an acknowledgement of delivery and or collection of the hire item(s) and that such authority is signed on delivery or collection by such authorised person and not otherwise, and the Hirer agrees that any delivery or collection note signed by a person with apparent authority to do so shall be deemed to be signed by an authorised representative of the hirer and that where no such person is available to sign such proof of delivery or collection, within the stipulated time nominated by the provider at the time of placing the order, from arrival of the hire item(s) or the vehicle at the site the provider’s written confirmation of delivery shall be final and binding upon the Hirer.

c) The Hirer shall hold harmless and keep Skipandwaste.com indemnified against any claim, demand or penalty arising during the period of hire and which could not have been made had the provider not agreed to provide the service including, but not limited thereto all 3rd party claims, or claims for damages arising out of accidents related to any hire item(s) the subject of this contract.

8. i) The price for the provision of the service shall be such sum as shall from time to time be agreed between the parties and in default of agreement shall be the reasonable value of services (Quantum Meruit) which, unless otherwise agreed, shall be exclusive of VAT which shall be payable by the Hirer.
ii) Except where the Hirer has a previously approved credit account with Skipandwaste.com payment for the provision of the Service shall be made in full by the Hirer to Skipandwaste.com prior to the delivery by Skipandwaste.com of any hire item(s).
iii) Where the Hirer has an approved credit account, Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to invoice the Hirer immediately for all the services already provided, and those which are pending; the Hirer shall pay the price for the provision of the service to Skipandwaste.com within 30 days of the date of Skipandwaste.com’s invoice. The time of payment of the price shall be of the essence of the Contract.

iv) The Hirer agrees that in the event that the Hirer shall fail to pay Skipandwaste.com’s nominated account in accordance with the terms in effect, Skipandwaste.com shall for such purposes be entitled to enter upon any premises of the Hirer, or any third party from whom waste was collected for such purposes as recovery of goods equivalent to the outstanding element of the contract.
v) Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to grant, refuse, withdraw, restrict, alter or cancel credit terms at its sole discretion. Where the Service is to be supplied over a period of time, each instalment thereof shall be treated as a separate contract and failure by Skipandwaste.com to provide any one or more instalments, shall not entitle the Hirer to treat the contract as a whole as repudiated.
vi) If the Hirer fails to make any payment on the due date then, without prejudice to any other right or remedy available to Skipandwaste.com, Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to:
a) Cancel the contract or suspend any further deliveries to the Hirer.
b) Appropriate any payment made by the Hirer to such of the services (or the Services supplied under any other contract between Skipandwaste.com and the Hirer) as Skipandwaste.com may think fit not withstanding any purported appropriation by the Hirer; and
c) charge interest on such sum from the due date for payment at the annual rate of 4% above the base lending rate from time to time of Nat West bank plc, accruing on a daily basis and being compounded quarterly until payment is made, whether before or after any judgment and the Hirer shall pay the interest immediately on demand. Skipandwaste.com may claim interest under the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 per month until payment in full is made (a part of a month being treated as a full month for the purpose of calculating interest).
d) Charge the hirer’s credit and or debit card as listed on the credit card and bank reference form to bring the account back into agreed trading terms.

9. The Hirer shall ensure that the delivery site is prepared for receipt of the hired skip, and where so required to do by the Provider, direct the Driver where to deposit or pick up the hire item(s).
a) Failure by the Hirer to ensure that the site of hire is duly prepared and ready to receive, or have removed as part of the agreed service, the hire item(s) will result in a charge being applied for the amount of £100 or the total cost of the Provider’s wasted journey/visit fee, or whichever is the greater.

10. a) Where Skipandwaste.com or the Driver are requested or directed to deposit or pick up hire item(s) on, or from a site, which is off a highway; or where delivery otherwise involves the passage of the vehicle over gratings, drains, roads, pavements, forecourts, yards, asphalt areas or any like areas, Skipandwaste.com shall be under no liability whatsoever to the Hirer for any damage howsoever caused whilst the vehicle is off the highway. To the fullest extent permitted by the law, Skipandwaste.com shall not be held liable for any negligence or tort on the part of the skip provider. Without prejudice to the generality of Condition 7c) the Hirer shall subject as above, hold harmless and keep Skipandwaste.com indemnified against any claim or demand which could not have been made had the Driver not been so requested or directed. The Hirer will, in addition, compensate Skipandwaste.com or the provider for any damage to the vehicle or the hire item(s) which would not have occurred had the Driver not been so requested or directed and which is not due to any negligence on the part of the Driver.
b) If Skipandwaste.com is prevented for any reason beyond its control from delivering or collecting a hire item(s), the Hirer shall remain liable for Skipandwaste.com’s charges together with such additional sums as the Provider shall reasonably so require for the further provision of the Service.
11. The usual time allowed for depositing or picking up hire item(s) is ten minutes. If the vehicle is kept waiting longer than this after arrival the Hirer shall be liable for reasonable demurrage, as described by the Provider in their terms and conditions of usage.

12. The standard time allowed for a ‘Wait & Load’ is fifteen minutes. If the vehicle is kept waiting longer than this initial time, the hirer shall be liable for a waiting charge as described by the Provider in their terms and conditions of usage.

13. The Hirer shall ensure that all permissions required before the hire item(s) can lawfully be deposited on the site including the permission required under the Highways Act 1971 have been, or will be obtained, before they request the Provider, or direct the Driver to deposit the hire item(s) on the site; and that the said permission will be kept in force during the period of hire and where necessary for up to 3 working days thereafter. The hirer will ensure that all hire item(s) sited on the highways will be lighted and coned in accordance with the terms and conditions of the highways act and the issuing local authority’s demands.

14. The Hirer shall not move the hire item(s) from the site without the consent of the Provider and where necessary the highway authority; and in any case will undertake to notify Skipandwaste.com as soon as is reasonably possible.

15. The Hirer shall ensure:

a) That the Hirer signs a single or multiple consignment transfer note declaring the waste type and that the waste is accurately described when completing the transfer note.

b) Where the waste type does not conform to the description, as specified on the waste transfer note, or is different to that as specified at the time the hire item(s) was ordered, then charges will vary accordingly.

c) Where inert waste loads (soil/hardcore/muck) are ordered and they are found to contain other waste types, in particular mixed builder’s waste materials thus contaminating the load, the hirer will be charged accordingly for the hire tipping charges (typically £82.50 per tonne). In particular the hirer must be aware of the considerable differences in landfill tax rates. Currently £2.50/tonne for inert materials and £82.50/tonne for active waste materials.

d) Where appropriate, waste is only stored in suitable containers.

e) That no liquids, explosives, toxic, or dangerous materials including, but not limited to fibrous asbestos, solvents, minerals or greases will be placed in the hire item(s) without the written consent of the supplier; and that the contents of the hire item(s) when loaded conform to the requirements of S.I.1980/1709 or any re-enactment thereof and the local waste regulation authority with regard omits suitability for disposal as general or special waste as a controlled waste disposal site.

f) If any waste to which the said section applies is placed in any hire item(s) the Hirer will immediately give the notices required by the said section and send copies of such notices to both Skipandwaste.com and the Provider.

g) That no bonded asbestos will be placed, save where the Hirer has given to Skipandwaste.com, a minimum of seven days’ notice of their intentions so to do and obtained the written agreement of Skipandwaste.com and agreed to the charges to be made with regard thereto.

h) No cans, bottles or other liquid containers are placed in the hire item(s) unless they are dry, free from liquid, residues and open for inspection.
i) That no fridges, freezers, vehicle tyres, car/commercial vehicle batteries and any other waste types, which following changes in legislation from time to time may become classified as a special difficult, or hazardous waste type.

16. The Hirer shall ensure from the time that the hire item(s) is deposited until it is picked up again by the Provider/Supplier:-

a) It is properly sited in accordance with any relevant permission and that all conditions thereof are observed and performed at all times.

b) It is properly coned where necessary during the hours of daylight and coned and lighted during the hours of darkness.

c) No fires are lit in, and no corrosive acid or noxious substance, liquid cement or concrete placed in the hire item(s).

d) It is filled no higher than the top of its sides and in such a manner as to prevent spillage of material, both whilst the container is stationary, or in transit. Where hire item(s) are located on public or third party property and waste is accumulated for any reason whatsoever in the immediate proximity of the hire item(s), Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to supply a further hire item(s) to contain the surplus material and to transfer the same to the hire item(s) and to debit the Hirer with the reasonable costs of so doing.

e) It suffers no damage except fair wear and tear. All damage by fire, vandalism or other means, the Hirer will reimburse the Provider all costs for either replacement or repair; unless the Hirer has taken out an insurance policy with Skipandwaste.com, or provides their own insurance to cover all loss and/or damage whilst the hire item(s) are under the Hirer’s care.

f) No danger is caused by the hire item(s) or its contents to any third party and in particular, but without limitation thereto, to children.

g) No unauthorised removal of the hire item(s) shall take place by the hirer or a 3rd party contractor without the prior consent of the provider. The hirer will be debited all reasonable costs incurred in returning the hire item(s), or in cases where the hire item(s) is deemed lost or stolen the hirer will reimburse the Provider in full. Please note that many insurance policies will not cover theft of hire item(s).

17. Notwithstanding the terms of condition 15 it shall be the Hirer’s duty to notify the Provider of, and the Provider’s responsibility to ensure compliance with, any condition imposed by a highway authority relating to the marking of the hire item(s) with reflective paint.

18. Except as specifically otherwise agreed in writing the Hirer shall fill the hire item(s) within the period of hire as specified by the Provider and shall inform Skipandwaste.com in good time of its readiness for collection or replacement. The Hirer shall ensure that, from the time when collection of the hire item(s) is due to take place until the same is collected, there is left a clear space at one end of the container to terminate the hiring of the hire item(s) the minimum notice period shall be one clear working day.

19. The Provider may arrange the removal or repositioning of the hire item(s) if required at any time to do so by a highway authority or constable in uniform under Section 140 of the Highway Act 1980. The Hirer shall be responsible for the reasonable additional cost thereof on the part of the Provider or Supplier.

20. It is the responsibility of the hirer’s representative on site to keep the hirer’s copy of the ‘Proof of
Delivery’ ticket. Any copies required at a later date will be subject to a £30 administration charge.

21. Except as specifically otherwise agreed in writing, the Provider agrees to dispose of the contents of the hire item(s) as shall be in accordance with the terms of the contract. The Hirer agrees that they will pay the Provider’s reasonable charges of dealing with any of the contents of any hire item(s) which do not comply with the terms of this contract.

22. Risk and Title: The risk in relation to any hire item(s) supplied pursuant to this Contract shall pass to the Hirer upon delivery, in accordance with the Hirer’s request or direction and shall remain with the Hirer until the hire item(s) are collected by the Provider. Title shall not transfer to the Hirer under any circumstances.

23. Where the Service is provided under a consumer transaction as defined by the Consumer Transaction (Restriction on Statements) order 1976, the statutory rights of the Hirer are not affected by these conditions.

24. It is specifically provided and agreed that any compensation &/or damages payment in respect of any claim or claims arising out of, or in connection with, the terms of this contract for any reason whatsoever and howsoever arising, shall not amount in the aggregate to more than the cost of the provision of the service by the Provider, or that part of the Service giving rise to such claim, and in any event not more than £1000; and Skipandwaste.com and any other person entitled to the benefit of this contract shall have no further liability to the Hirer. Except in respect of death or personal injury caused by the negligence of Skipandwaste.com or any other person entitled to the benefit of this contract, Skipandwaste.com or such party shall not be liable to the Hirer by reason of any representation, or any implied warranty, condition or other term, or any duty at common law, or under the expressed terms of this contract, for any consequential loss or damage (whether for loss of profit or otherwise), costs, expenses or other claims for consequential or incidental compensation whatsoever (and whether caused by the negligence of Skipandwaste.com or any other party entitled to the benefit of this contract, their employees, or agents, or otherwise) which arise out of, or in connection with the supply of the service, except as expressly provided in these conditions.

25. Skipandwaste.com shall not be liable to the Hirer or be deemed to be in breach of the contract by reason of any delay in performing, or any failure to perform, any of the provider’s, supplier’s, or co-ordinator’s obligations in relation to the service, if the delay or failure was due to force majeure.

26. Insolvency of Hirer:

a) This clause applies if:

i) The Hirer makes any voluntary arrangement with its creditors or becomes subject to an administration order or (being an individual or firm) becomes bankrupt or (being a company) goes into liquidation (otherwise than for the purposes of amalgamation or
reconstruction); or ii) an encumbrance takes possession, or a receiver is appointed, or any of the property or assets of the Hirer, or

iii) The Hirer ceases or threatens to cease; to carry on business; or

iv) Skipandwaste.com reasonably apprehends that any of the events mentioned above is about to occur in relation to the Hirer and notifies to the Hirer accordingly.

b) If this clause applies, then without prejudice to any other right or remedy available to Skipandwaste.com, Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to cancel the contract or suspend any further deliveries under the Contract without any liability to the Hirer, and if the Services have been provided but not paid for, the price shall become immediately due and payable, not withstanding any previous agreement or arrangement to the contrary.

27. Refund Policy

27.1 Application for refunds must be sent directly to Skipandwaste.com, in writing, addressed to the Customer Service Manager.

28. Cancellation Policy – Cancellation of Hire. If the hirer chooses to cancel the hire, the following charges will be levied:

More than 4 days’ notice – 10% of total hire charge

1-3 days’ notice – 50% of total hire charge

Less than 24 hours’ notice – 100% of total hire charge

Please note cancellation charges apply on all orders once instruction to deliver has been taken.

Additional Terms & Conditions for Domestic Private Hire

The hirer is responsible for ensuring the position for hire item(s) delivery has a clear access. Blocked access due to abandoned vehicles or materials resulting in failed delivery/collection will incur standing time and or an aborted delivery charge (known generally as a wasted journey fee). The Hirer is responsible for theft or damage to hire item(s) whilst on hire & until hire item(s) is removed by the hire item(s) owner.

Skipandwaste.com cannot accept any liability for any costs incurred through damage to the hirer’s driveway or other property whilst delivering or collecting the hire item(s) off the public highway.

The hire item(s) vehicle is invited off the highways onto private property at the hirer’s own risk, and is a separate arrangement to be confirmed with the Provider. Please note that we draw your attention to the fact that tarmac, block paved, and pattern-imprinted concrete driveways are at most risk.

The Hirer is also responsible for pointing out low lying cables, narrow entrance pillars, manhole covers, and any other potential risks or obstructions to Hire item(s) or the driver, prior to the hire item(s) delivery.
The local authority may require the lighting and coning of all on-road hire item(s) and, unless otherwise advised, it is necessary to obtain the necessary council consent with a road permit. Hirers should note that the fines for failure to light and cone a skip correctly vary according to the regulations set by the permit issuing authority. Hirers are advised to consult https://www.gov.uk/apply-skip-permit prior to completing the request of the hire item(s). Skipandwaste.com can assist in the facilitation of the provision of a valid permit. Please be advised that there will be an administration charge of £15 per permit/paperwork application.

In all cases delivery and collection times are given for guidance only and Skipandwaste.com accepts no liability for any costs incurred due to delays in delivery/collection; or failure to deliver on the preferred delivery date, or at the preferred time due to unforeseen circumstances. In all circumstances invoices exclude exceptional conditions such as force majeure.

In Addition to the above terms

1 INTERPRETATION

1.1 In these conditions the following words have the following meanings:
“Contract” means a contract which incorporates these conditions and made between the Customer and the Supplier for the hire of Hire Goods and/or the sale of Products;
“Customer” means the person, firm, company or other organisation hiring Hire Goods;
“Deposit” means any advance payment required by Skipandwaste.com in relation to the Hire Goods which is to be held as security by Skipandwaste.com;
“Force Majeure” means any event outside a party’s reasonable control including but not limited to acts of God, war, flood, fire, labour disputes, strikes, sub-contractors, lock-outs, riots, civil commotion, malicious damage, explosion, terrorism, governmental actions and any other similar events;
“Hire Goods” means any machine, article, tool, skip, ‘wheelie bin’ and/or device together with any accessories specified in a Contract, which are hired to the Customer;
“Hire Period” means the period commencing when the Customer holds the Hire Goods on hire (including Saturdays, Sundays and Bank Holidays) and ending upon the happening of any of the following events: the physical return of the Hire Goods by the Customer into the Provider’s possession; or the physical repossession or collection of Hire Goods by the Provider;
“Liability” means liability for any and all damages, claims, proceedings, actions, awards, expenses, costs and any other losses and/or liabilities;
“Products” means the products sold to the Customer by Skipandwaste.com; “Rental” means the Provider’s charging rate for the hire of the Hire Goods which is current from time to time during the Hire Period;
“Provider” means the appointed company arranged by Skipandwaste.com to fulfil the terms of the contract and will include its employees, servants, agents and/or duly authorised representatives;
“Services” means the services and/or work (if any) to be performed by Skipandwaste.com for the Customer in conjunction with the hire of Hire Goods including any delivery and/or collection service for the Hire Goods.

2 BASIS OF CONTRACT

2.1 Hire Goods are hired subject to them being available for hire to the Customer at the time required by the Customer. Skipandwaste.com will not be liable for any loss suffered by the Customer as a result of the Hire Goods being unavailable for hire where the Hire Goods are unavailable due to circumstances beyond Skipandwaste.com’s control.
2.2 Where hire of the Hire Goods is to a Customer who is an individual and the hire would be covered by the Consumer Credit Act 1974 the duration of the Hire Period shall not exceed 3 months, after which time the Contract shall be deemed to have automatically terminated.
2.3 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit any statutory rights of the Customer which may not be excluded or limited due to the Customer acting as a consumer. For further information about your statutory rights contact your local authority Trading Standards Department or Citizen’s Advice Bureau.

3 PAYMENT

3.1 The amount of any Deposit, Rental and/or charges for any Services shall be as quoted to the Customer or otherwise as shown in Skipandwaste.com’s online quotation service. Where a Deposit is required for the Hire Goods it must be paid in advance of the Customer hiring the Hire Goods. Skipandwaste.com may also require an initial payment on account of the Rental in advance of the Customer hiring the Hire Goods.
3.2 The Customer shall pay the Rental, charges for any Services, monies for any Products and/or any other sums payable under the contract to Skipandwaste.com at the time and in the manner agreed. Skipandwaste.com’s prices are, unless otherwise stated, exclusive of any applicable VAT for which the Customer shall additionally be liable.
3.3 Payments by the Customer on time under the Contract are an essential condition of the Contract. Payment shall not be deemed to be made until Skipandwaste.com has received either cash or cleared funds in respect of the full amount outstanding.
3.4 Skipandwaste.com reserves the right to withhold payment for any requested hire item, until the appropriate certification and paperwork has been received by Skipandwaste.com. This is usually, but not limited to, Waste Transfer Note, Certification of Waste type and accurate weight thereof.

4 RISK AND TITLE OWNERSHIP AND INSURANCE

4.1 Risk in the Hire Goods and any Products will pass immediately to the Customer when they leave the physical possession or control of the Provider. Title will not transfer to the Customer in any case.
4.2 Risk in the Hire Goods will not pass back to the Provider from the Customer until the Hire Goods are back in the physical possession of the Provider. This shall apply even if the Provider has agreed to cease charging the Rental.
4.3 Ownership of the Hire Goods remains at all times with the Provider. The Customer has no right, title or interest in the Hire Goods except that they are hired to the Customer.
4.4 The Customer must not deal with the ownership or any interest in the Hire Goods. This includes but is not limited to selling, assigning, mortgaging, pledging, charging, securing, hiring, withholding, exerting any right to withhold, disposing of and/or lending.
4.5 The Provider may provide reasonably priced insurance in respect of the Hire Goods at additional cost to the Rental. Alternatively the Provider may require the Customer to insure the Hire Goods on such reasonable terms and for such reasonable risks as the Provider may specify. The proceeds of any such insurance shall be held by the Customer in trust for the Provider and be paid to the Provider on demand. The Customer must not compromise any claim in respect of the Hire Goods and/or any associated insurance without the Provider’s written consent.

5 DELIVERY, COLLECTION AND SERVICES

5.1 It is the responsibility of the Customer to collect the Hire Goods from the Provider and return them to the Provider at the end of the Hire Period. If the Provider agrees to deliver or collect the Hire Goods to and/or from the Customer it will do so at its standard delivery cost and such delivery and/or collection will form part of the Services.
5.2 Where the Provider provides Services the persons performing the Services are servants of the Customer and once the Customer instructs such person they are under the direction and control of the Customer. The Customer shall be solely responsible for any instruction, guidance and/or advice given by the Customer to any such person and for any damage which occurs as a result of such persons following the Customer’s instructions, guidance and/or advice except to the extent that the persons performing the Services are negligent.
5.3 The Customer will allow and/or procure sufficient access to and from the relevant site and procure sufficient unloading space, facilities, equipment and access to power supplies and utilities for the Provider’s employees, subcontractors and/or agents to allow them to carry out the Services. The Customer will ensure that the site where the Services are to be performed is, where necessary, cleared and prepared before the Services are due to commence.
5.4 If any Services are delayed, postponed and/or are cancelled due to the Customer failing to comply with its obligations the Customer will be liable to pay the Provider’s additional standard charges from time to time for such delay, postponement and/or cancellation except where the Customer is acting as a consumer and the delay is due to a Force Majeure event.

6 CARE OF HIRE GOODS

6.1 The Customer shall:-
6.1.1 not remove any labels from and/or interfere with the Hire Goods, their working mechanisms or any other parts of them and take reasonable care of the Hire Goods and only use them for their proper purpose in a safe and correct manner in accordance with any operating and/or safety instructions provided or supplied to the Customer;
6.1.2 Notify the Provider immediately after any breakdown, loss and/or damage to the Hire Goods;
6.1.3 Take adequate and proper measures to protect the Hire Goods from theft, damage and/or other risks;
6.1.4 Notify the Provider of any change of its address and upon the Provider’s request provide details of the location of the Hire Goods;
6.1.5 Permit the Provider at all reasonable times to inspect the Hire Goods including procuring access to any property where the Hire Goods are situated;
6.1.6 keep the Hire Goods at all times in its possession and control and not to remove the Hire Goods from the United Kingdom without the prior written consent of the Provider;
6.1.7 be responsible for the conduct and cost of any testing, examinations and/or checks in relation to the Hire Goods required by any legislation, best practice and/or operating instructions except to the extent that the Provider has agreed to provide them as part of any Services;
6.1.8 Not do, or omit to do, anything which will, or may be deemed to, invalidate any policy of insurance related to the Hire Goods, which is notified to the Customer;
6.1.9 not continue to use Hire Goods where they have been damaged and will notify Skipandwaste.com and the Provider immediately if the Hire Goods are involved in an accident resulting in damage to the Hire Goods, other property and/or injury to any person; and
6.1.10 where the Hire Goods require fuel, oil and/or electricity ensure that the proper type and/or voltage is used and that, where appropriate, the Hire Goods are properly installed by a qualified and competent person.
6.2 The Hire Goods must be returned by the Customer in good working order and condition (fair wear and tear excepted) and in a clean condition together with all insurance policies, licences, registration and other documents relating to the Hire Goods.

7 BREAKDOWN

7.1 The Provider will at its own cost carry out all routine maintenance and repairs to the Hire Goods during the Hire Period and all repairs which are required due to fair wear and tear and/or an inherent fault in the Hire Goods. The Customer will be responsible for the cost of all repairs necessary to Hire Goods during the Hire Period which arise otherwise than as a result of fair wear and tear, an inherent fault and/or the negligence of the Supplier while carrying out routine maintenance and/or repairs.
7.2 The Customer must not repair or attempt to repair the Hire Goods unless authorised to do so in writing by Skipandwaste.com or the Provider.

8 LOSS OR DAMAGE TO THE HIRE GOODS

8.1 If the Hire Goods are returned in damaged, unclean and/or defective state except where due to fair wear and tear and/or an inherent fault in the Hire Goods the Customer shall be liable to pay the Provider for the cost of any repair and/or cleaning required to return the Hire Goods to a condition fit for re-hire and to pay the Rental, in accordance with the provisions of clause 8.3, until such repairs and/or cleaning have been completed.
8.2 The Customer will pay to the Provider the replacement cost of any Hire Goods which are lost, stolen and/or damaged beyond economic repair during the Hire Period less the amount paid to the Provider under any policy of insurance taken out in accordance with these conditions.
8.3 The Customer shall pay the Rental for the Hire Goods up to and including the date it notifies Skipandwaste.com that the Hire Goods have been lost, stolen and/or damaged beyond economic repair. From that date until Skipandwaste.com has replaced such Hire Goods the Customer shall pay, as a genuine pre-estimate of lost rental profit, a sum as liquidated damages being equal to two thirds of the Rental that would have applied for such Hire Goods for that period. Skipandwaste.com shall use its reasonable commercial endeavours to purchase replacements for such Hire Goods as quickly as possible using the monies paid under clause 8.2 above.

9 TERMINATION BY NOTICE

9.1 If the Hire Period has a fixed duration, subject to the provisions of Section 10 neither the Customer nor Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to terminate the Contract before the expiry of that fixed period unless agreed with the other party.
9.2 If the Hire Period does not have a fixed duration either of the Customer or Skipandwaste.com is entitled to terminate the Contract upon giving to the other party any agreed period of notice.
9.3 If no period of notice has been agreed or specified the Customer may terminate the Hire Period by the physical return of the Hire Goods to the Provider and Skipandwaste.com shall be entitled to terminate the hire of the Hire Goods by giving not less than 14 days’ notice to the Customer.

10 DEFAULT

10.1 If the Customer:-
10.1.1 Fails to make any payment to Skipandwaste.com when due without just cause;
10.1.2 breaches the terms of the Contract and, where the breach is capable of remedy, has not remedied the breach within 14 days of receiving notice requiring the breach to be remedied;
10.1.3 Persistently breaches the terms of the Contract;
10.1.4 provides incomplete, materially inaccurate or misleading facts and/or information in connection with the Contract;
10.1.5 pledges, charges or creates any form of security over any Hire Goods, or ceases or threatens to cease to carry on business, or proposes to compound with its creditors, applies for an interim moratorium in respect of claims and/or proceedings, any distress, execution or other legal process is levied on any property of the Customer, has a Bankruptcy Petition presented against it or the Customer takes or suffers any similar action in any jurisdiction;
10.1.6 being a company, enters into voluntary or compulsory liquidation, has a receiver, administrator or administrative receiver appointed over all or any of its assets, any attachment order is made against the Customer, any distress, execution or other legal process is levied on any property of the Customer or the Customer takes or suffers any similar action in any jurisdiction;
10.1.7 appears reasonably to Skipandwaste.com due to the Customer’s credit rating to be financially inadequate to meet its obligations under the Contract; and/or
10.1.8 appears reasonably to Skipandwaste.com to be about to suffer any of the above events; then Skipandwaste.com shall have the right, without prejudice to any other remedies, to exercise any or all of the rights set out in clause 10.2 below.

10.2 If any of the events set out in clause 10.1 above occurs in relation to the
Customer then:-
10.2.1 Except where the Customer is acting as a consumer, Skipandwaste.com may enter, without prior notice, any premises of the Customer (or premises of third parties with their consent) where Hire Goods owned by Skipandwaste.com may be and repossess any Hire Goods;
10.2.2 Skipandwaste.com may withhold the performance of any Services and cease any Services in progress under this and/or any other Contract with the Customer;
10.2.3 Skipandwaste.com may immediately cancel, terminate and/or suspend without Liability to the Customer the Contract and/or any other contract with the Customer; and/or
10.2.4 All monies owed by the Customer to Skipandwaste.com shall immediately become due and payable.

10.3 Any repossession of the Hire Goods shall not affect Skipandwaste.com’s right to recover from the Customer any monies due under the Contract and/or any damages in respect of any breach which occurred prior to repossession of the Hire Goods.

10.4 Upon termination of the Contract the Customer shall immediately:
10.4.1 return the Hire Goods to Skipandwaste.com and/or Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider; or make the Hire Goods available for collection by Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider as requested by the Provider; and
10.4.2 Pay to Skipandwaste.com all arrears for Rentals, Charges for any Services, monies for any Products and/or any other sums payable under the Contract.

11 LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY

11.1 All warranties, representations, terms, conditions and duties implied by law relating to fitness, quality and/or adequacy are excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.
11.2 If Skipandwaste.com is found to be liable in respect of any loss or damage to the Customer’s property the extent of Skipandwaste.com’s Liability will be limited to the retail cost of replacement of the damaged property.
11.3 Any defective Hire Goods must be returned to Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider for inspection if requested by Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider, before Skipandwaste.com’s nominated Provider will have any Liability for defective Hire Goods.
11.4 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer if, without just cause, any monies due in respect of the Hire Goods and/or the Services has not been paid in full by the due date for payment.
11.5 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability for additional damage, loss, liability, claims, costs or expenses caused, or contributed to, by the Customer’s continued use of defective Hire Goods and/or Services after a defect has become apparent, or suspected, or should reasonably have become apparent to the Customer.
11.6 The Customer shall give Skipandwaste.com a reasonable opportunity to remedy any matter for which Skipandwaste.com is liable, before the Customer incurs any costs and/or expenses in remedying the matter itself. If the Customer does not do so Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer in this regard.
11.7 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer to the extent that the Customer is covered by any policy of insurance arranged as a result of the Contract and the Customer shall ensure that the Customer’s insurers waive any and all rights of subrogation they may have against Skipandwaste.com.
11.8 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer for any:-
11.8.1 Consequential losses (including loss of profits and/or damage to goodwill and/or reputation);
11.8.2 Economic and/or other similar losses;
11.8.3 Special damages and indirect losses; and/or
11.8.4 Business interruption, loss of business, contracts and/or opportunity.

11.9 Skipandwaste.com’s total Liability to the Customer under and/or arising in relation to any Contract shall not exceed 5 times the amount of the Rental and charges for Services (if any) under that Contract or the sum of £1,000 whichever is the higher. To the extent that any Liability of Skipandwaste.com to the Customer would be met by any insurance of Skipandwaste.com, then the Liability of Skipandwaste.com shall be extended to the extent that such Liability is met by such insurance.

11.10 Each of the limitations and/or exclusions in this Contract shall be deemed to be repeated and apply as a separate provision for each of:
11.10.1 Liability for breach of contract;
11.10.2 Liability in tort (including negligence); and
11.10.3 Liability for breach of statutory and/or common law duty; except clause 11.9 above, which shall apply once only in respect of all the said types of Liability.

11.11 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit the Liability of Skipandwaste.com for death or personal injury due to Skipandwaste.com’s negligence, nor exclude or limit any other type of Liability which it is not permitted to exclude or limit as a matter of law.

12 GENERAL

12.1 Upon termination of the Contract the provisions of clauses 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and Section 6 shall continue in full force and effect.

12.2 Each hire of an item of Hire Goods shall form a distinct Contract which shall be separate to any other Contract relating to other Hire Goods.

12.3 The Customer shall be liable for the acts and/or omissions of its employees, agents, servants and/or subcontractors as though they were its own acts and/or omissions under this Contract.

12.4 The Customer agrees to indemnify and keep indemnified Skipandwaste.com against any and all losses, lost profits, damages, claims, costs (including legal costs on a full indemnity basis), actions and any other losses and/or liabilities suffered by the Supplier and arising from or due to any breach of contract, any tortuous act and/or omission and/or any breach of statutory duty by the Customer.

12.5 No waiver by Skipandwaste.com of any breach of this Contract shall be considered as a waiver of any subsequent breach of the same provision, or any other provision. If any provision is held by any relevant competent authority to be part of the validity of the other provisions of this Contract and the remainder of the affected provision shall be unaffected and shall remain in full force and effect.

12.6 Skipandwaste.com shall have no Liability to the Customer for any delay and/or non-performance of a Contract to the extent that such delay is due to any Force Majeure events. If Skipandwaste.com is affected by any such event then time for performance shall be extended for a period equal to the period that such event or events delayed such performance.

12.7 All third party rights are excluded and no third parties shall have any rights to enforce the Contract.

This shall not apply to any finance company with whom Skipandwaste.com has an outstanding finance agreement relating to the Hire Goods. Such finance company shall, subject to Skipandwaste.com’s consent, have the right to enforce this Contract as if they were the Supplier. This Contract is governed by and interpreted in accordance with English law and the parties agree to submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts.

13 ADDITIONAL CONDITIONS

13.1 Skipandwaste.com may insert and present for payment any balance due and unpaid where the Customer has signed a blank or nil value debit or credit card voucher. The Supplier may also process interim payments by credit or debit card at any stage of the Contract.